LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. 



flfap. Gn^riglji Tfr 

Shelf f?£Uj2»2? 



UNITED STATES OF AM [€A. 1 



AN ATTEMPT 



TOWARDS 



An International Language 



DR. ESPERANTO 

(WARSAW, RUSSIA) 



TRANSLATED BY 



HENRY PHILLIPS, JR 

A Secretary of the American Philosophical Society 



TOGETHER WITH AN ENGLISH-INTERNATIONAL VOCABULARY 
COMPILED BY THE TRANSLATOR 




NEW YORK 
HENRY HOLT AND COMPANY 

1889 



FRENCH TEXT-BOOKS 

PUBLISHED BY 

HENRY HOLT & CO., New York. 

These books aie bound in cloth unless otherwise indicated. 



Grammar and Exercise Books. 

Borel's Grammaire Fran§aise. A l'usage des Anglais. Par Eugene Borel. 
Revised by E. B. Coe. 12mo. 450 pp. Half roan. 

Delille's Condensed French Instruction. B. C. J. Delille. 18mo. 143 pp. 

Eugene's Student's Comparative French Grammar. To which are 
added French-English Exercises. Revised by L. H. Buckingham, Ph.D. 
12mo. 284 pp. 

Eugene's Elementary French Lessons. Revised and edited by L. H. 
Buckingham, Ph.D. 12mo. 126 pp. 

Gibert's French Manual. A French Pronouncing Grammar for Young 
Students. By M. Gibert. 12mo. 112 pp. 

Gasc's The Translator.— English into French. By Professors Gasc, Le 
Brun, and others. 12mo. 220 pp. 

Julien's Petites Lecons de Conversation et de Grammaire. By F. Julien. 
Square 12mo. 222 pp. 

Otto's French Conversation Grammar. Revised by Ferdinand Bocher, 
Professor of Modern Languages in Harvard University. 12mo. 489 pp. Half 
roan. 

Pylodet's Beginning French. Exercises in Pronouncing, Spelling, and 
Translating. By L. Pylodet. 16mo. 180 pp. Boards. 

Sadler's Translating English into French. By P. Sadler. Revised and 
annotated, by Prof. C. F. Gillette. 12mo. 285 pp. 

The Joynes-Otto Introductory French Lessons. By Edward S. Joynes, 
Professor in University of South Carolina. 12mo. 275 pp. 

The Joynes-Otto First Book in French. By Edward S. Joynes. 12mo. 
116 pp. Boards. 

Whitney's French Grammar. By William D. Whitney, Professor in Yale 
University. 12mo. 442 pp. Half roan. 

Whitney's Practical French. Taken from the author's larger Grammar 
and supplemented by conversations and idiomatic phrases. By Professor 
W. D. Whitney. 

Natural Method and Conversation Books. 

Alliot's Contes et Nouvelles. Suivis de Conversations, d'Exercices de Gram- 
maire. Par Madame L. Alliot. 12mo. 

Aubert's Colloquial French Drill. By E. Aubert, Professor in the Normal 

College, New York City. 16mo. 66 pp. 

L.e Jeu des Auteurs. 96 Cards in a Box. 

Moutonnier's I.es Premiers Pas dans I/Etude du Francais par la 

methode naturelle. Par C. Moutonnier. 12mo. 197 pp. Illustrated. 
Parlez-vous Francais ? A pocket manual of French and English Conversa- 
tion, with hints for pronunciation and a list of the irregular verbs. 18mo. 
Ill pp. Boards. 

Stern & Meras's Etude Progressive de la Langue Francaise. By Siqmon 
M. Stern and Baptiste Meras 12 mo. 288 pp. 

Witcomb & Bellenger's French Conversation. Dialogues on Familiar 
Subjects, to which is annexed the Summary of French Grammar, by Delille. 
18mo. 259 pp. 



AN ATTEMPT 



An International Language 



DR. ESPERANTO 

(WARSAW, RUSSIA) J / 



TRANSLATED BY 



HENRY PHILLIPS, JR 



A Secretary of the American Philosophical Society 



Together with an English-International Vocabulary compiled by the 

Translator 



New York 
HENRY HOLT & COMPANY 




X 



^ 
V 



" The plan of Dr. Samenhof* is especially to be recommended in 
this respect (the formation of the vocabulary), and may be offered 

AS AN EXCELLENT EXAMPLE OF SOUND JUDGMENT. It IS REMARKABLE AND 
PLEASANT TO see how easy IT is TO ACQUIRE." — Proceedings of the American 
Philosophical Society, Volume XXV, page j. 



(*Under the nom de plume of Dr. Esperanto.) 






Copyright, 1889 
By Henry Phillips, Jr. 



Preface by the Translator, 



At the request of the author I have prepared the following 
translation of his modest project for An International Lan- 
guage, which, in my opinion, goes further towards the solution 
of the problem than any of the other so-called " Universal 
Languages" as yet offered for public acceptance. I consider it 
to be the most simple, most natural and most easy of acquire- 
ment of all as yet presented; being based upon modern 
European tongues, its vocabulary is mainly already in the 
possession of every person of any pretensions to education. 
Its extreme simplicity of grammar and the ease with which 
new words can be created musj; especially recommend it to 
every class of readers. The time seems ripe for a combined 
effort towards the achievement of so glorious an ideal, and 
" we, as beings of intelligent consciousness * * * should 
employ our faculties to direct the course of events." * 

HENKY PHILLIPS, Jr. 

Philadelphia, September 17, 1888. 

* Note. Whilst not agreeing with the author in some of his views re- 
specting grammatical formations, yet I have issued this work to show 
how easily a project of an International Language could be made effect- 
ive. 



PART I. 

It is likely that the eyes of the reader will light upon this pam- 
phlet not without a certain amount of distrust, supposing, at 
first blush, that it treats of an Utopia utterly impossible of 
realization ; for this reason, I would ask him, for the moment, 
to set aside any such preconceived idea, and to consider care- 
fully, seriously and without prejudice, the matter of which I 
intend to treat in the present work. 

I need not dilate upon the immense importance for Human- 
ity of the existence of an International Language, one that 
could be adopted by all nations and be the common property 
of the whole world, without belonging in any way to any ex- 
isting nationality. It is pitiful to consider the amount of time 
and labor continually given to the study of foreign languages, 
and yet, for all our pains, how often does it happen that, when 
we have crossed the boundaries of our fatherland, we can neither 
understand those among whom we are thrown, nor make them 
comprehend what we desire to communicate. How much time, 
trouble and money are wasted in the translation of the literary 
work of a nation, and yet how small a portion of its literature 
has ever been so reproduced or will be, even more or less un- 
faithfully. But, if there were in existence an International 
Language, all translations could be made into it, and even 
works written therein, which would possess, ipso facto, an inter- 
national character. The impassable wall that separates litera- 
tures and peoples would at once crumble into the dust, and all 
that was written by another nation would be as acceptable as 
if in our own mother tongue ; reading would prove common 
to all, and with it would advance education, ideals, convictions, 
tendencies — the whole world would be as one family. 



6 

Obliged to economize our leisure in order to pursue perforce 
the study of several languages, we are not in position to dedi- 
cate a sufficient amount of it to any one tongue, so that while 
on the one side it is rare to know perfectly even one's native 
language, so, on the other, no speech can be brought to perfection 
as it should be. This is the reason why we are so often obliged 
to appropriate, from foreign sources, words and phrases ; if we do 
not, we run the risk of expressing ourselves inexactly, and even 
of thinking incorrectly ; the relative poverty of each and every 
language must be taken into account, from which are often 
missing the richness and volume desired to be employed in one 
or another manner. The surest means of remedying this defect 
seems to me to be simply the possession of only two languages, 
which would allow an easy mastery, and at the same time 
each tongue could progress towards the highest perfectioning 
and development. For speech has been the chief factor and 
motor in Civilization ; by it men have been elevated above 
the level of the brute ; the more a language is perfect, the 
more accessible is a nation to Progress. Indeed, the difference 
of languages is one of the most fruitful sources of the dissensions 
and differences among nations, for, of all things that impress a 
stranger in a foreign land, the language is at once the first and the 
greatest mark of distinction between him and them ; not 
being able to understand or be understood, we naturally shun 
the contact of aliens. When we meet, instead of being able 
to draw instruction from the mutual interchange and com- 
parison of opinions on political and social questions, matured 
after a long succession of ancestors in their modern homes, as 
soon as we open our mouths the first sound we utter shows 
that we are strangers, the one to the other. Any person who has 
had the fortune to reside in a town in which he meets citizens 
of nations often hostile to each other, can easily understand 
and appreciate the enormous service that could be rendered 



by an International Language, one that, without entering at all 
into the inner life of these peoples, could, at least, be made ser- 
viceable for usual every-day affairs, in a land inhabited by 
diverse nationalities, where the official language differs from that 
of the race over which it bears sway. It seems useless for me to 
dilate on the vast importance an International Language would 
bear towards Commerce and Science. He who has pondered 
carefully upon this question, were it but for once in his whole 
life, must, of necessity, avow that there could be no sacrifice 
too great to make if we by so doing could acquire an Univer- 
sal Language. So, for these reasons, every essay, every attempt 
in this direction, deserves, feeble though it be, our most serious 
attention. 

The question I now submit to the public is the result of a 
labor ripened by long years of thought ; and, in view of the 
very great importance of the subject, I trust that the reader 
will read my pamphlet attentively to the end. 

I have no intention of analyzing all the attempts hitherto 
made towards the creation of an Universal Language, but shall 
content myself with calling the reader's attention to the fact 
that all these authors have striven to create a system of signs 
wherewith briefly to communicate thought in case of neces- 
sity, or have limited themselves to a natural simplification of 
grammar, or to exchanging words that now exist in living 
languages by others made up for the occasion, or taken by 
chance. 

The attempts of the first kind were so complicated and so 
little practicable that they were still-born ; those of the second 
class present some resemblance to a language, but possess no 
features that could give them the right to be called Interna- 
tional ; indeed, they seem to have received this name from 
their inventors from the simple reason that upon the whole 
habitable globe there exists no spot where even one person 



dwells with, whom communication could be had by means of 
any of these tongues. 

All these attempts are based upon the pleasure that their ap- 
pearance is likely to cause to the world and upon the unanimous 
sanction upon which they unhesitatingly rely ; but this unani- 
mous sanction is the most difficult of all things to acquire 
when we take into consideration the utter indifference of the 
world at large towards these productions of the pen ; attempts 
that do not carry with them any return of profit, immediate 
and palpable, and which reckon solely upon one's good will to 
waste one's time for the benefit of the public. The vast major- 
ity of people do not bother about such things, and those who 
do take any interest do not think it worth their while to learn 
a language which no one understands except its inventor. 
" As soon as the whole world, or perhaps some millions of 
people, take it in hand to learn, why, then, I'll do the same." 
For this reason, appealing to so limited a class, the language 
finds no adherents, and dies at the hour of its birth. If, not- 
withstanding these difficulties, a language, say, for example, 
like Volapuk, has obtained a certain number of adherents, it is 
only because the notion of a universal language is so attractive 
and so elevating, that it finds always enthusiasts, who, not con- 
sidering the probability of success, are willing to sacrifice their 
time in order to contribute towards the realization of so lofty 
an ideal. But the number of such students must be always 
limited, for the world, cold and indifferent, will not give up 
its leisure solely to be understood by a mere handful of people, 
and this last attempt, like all that have gone before it, is des- 
tined to disappear after a time, leaving no fruits behind. 

For many years have I pondered over the question of an 
International Language, but not believing myself to be more 
capable nor more energetic than my predecessors, whose 
works had borne no results, for a long time I contented myself 



with making the matter a subject for my constant reflections. 
But some happy thoughts, the result of my meditations, 
encouraged me to continue my labors, and incited me to try if 
I could not systematically surmount all the obstacles in the 
road of creating and putting into use a rational universal 
tongue. I believe I have succeeded, to a greater or less degree, 
and I now offer to the kindly judgment of my readers, this, 
the fruit of my persevering labor. 

The principal problems necessary to be solved are the fol- 
lowing : 

1. The language must be extremely easy, so that, it can be 
learned without any difficulty. 

2. Every one who learns this language must be able to put 
himself in condition to be understood by people of different na- 
tions, whether the language receive an universal approbation or 
not ; that is to say, that this language must be able to serve at 
the first onset as a veritable intermediary for international rela- 
tions. 

3. Means must be found to overcome the indifference of the 
bulk of mankind, and to cause the masses to make use of the 
language offered as a living tongue and not solely to be used 
with the aid of a dictionary. 

Of all the projects offered to the public at different epochs, 
and often under the sonorous title of an " Universal Language," 
which they in no way deserved, there has not as yet been a 
single one that undertook to grapple with more than one of 
these enunciated propositions, nor even in that case has the suc- 
cess been more than partial. Beyond these problems of which 
I have spoken there are also others in plenty whose resolution 
is desirable, but not considering them at present as essential I 
shall not enter into their discussion. 

Before I show the manner in which I have dealt with these 
questions, I must ask the reader to consider their importance 



10 

and not judge hastily of my method, for the sole reason that 
perhaps, to him, it appears to be too simple. I say this be- 
cause I know that the tendency of mankind is to undervalue 
things that seem simple and easy, and to set store on those 
whose acquirement has been to them difficult and laborious. 
Such persons, on seeing so small a work, of such extreme sim- 
plicity, on so great a subject, easily comprehended by the whole 
world, may be inclined to pass it over with contempt or indif- 
ference ; yet here has lain the greatest difficulty in the undertak- 
ing, the attaining of this very simplicity and conciseness, and 
the transformation of things from the very complicated forms 
in which they took their origin, into others more simple and 
more easily comprehensible. To do this, great difficulties have 
been surmounted. 

FIKST PEOBLEM. 

My solution of the first problem is as follows : 

(a) I have manipulated the grammar until its forms have 
reached a simplicity hitherto unheard of, preserving, however, 
in part, the spirit that pervades the grammars of living tongues, 
so that its study can be facilitated, and yet that it should in no 
wise be deprived of clearness, pliability and exactitude. The 
entire grammar of my language can be learned perfectly in one 
hour. It can easily be seen how the simplicity of such a 
grammar will iacilitate the study of a language. 

(b) I have created rules for the formation of the words, and 
by this means I have reduced enormously the quantity of 
words needful to be learnt, yet without depriving the speech 
of its richness ; on the contrary, I make it still more copious 
than any of the modern tongues, on account of the ease with 
which from any one word any quantity of others can be 
formed so as to express every possible shade of thought. This 
I do by means of prefixes and suffixes, by whose aid, at will, 



11 

infinite new words can be created, thus doing away with the 
necessity of learning each word by itself. For convenience' 
sake I have given these prefixes and suffixes the significa- 
tion of independent words, and as such have inserted them in 
my vocabulary. 

Example No. 1. — The prefix " mat " signifies the reverse of 
the word to which it is attached ; for example, if we know 
that "bona " means good, it follows that " malbona " means bad ; 
so one word instead of two will express the two ideas of good- 
ness and badness ; "a^a,"high, " malalta" low; " estimi" to 
esteem, " malestimi" to despise or ill esteem ; " dura" hard, 
" maldura" soft ; "froida" cold, " malfroida" warm, etc., etc. 

Example No. 2. — The suffix " in " indicates the feminine ; 
thus, "frat,o" brother, ll frat i in i o" sister ; " patr,o" father, 
" patr,in, o," mother, etc., etc. 

Example No. 3. — The suffix "t7" indicates the instrument 
for an action ; thus, " tranch,i" to cut, " tranch,il } o" that which 
cuts, a knife, etc., etc. 

I have made a general rule that such words as have already 
become International (that is the foreign element) do not 
undergo any change in my language, only in spelling. So 
there are many words we do not need to learn as we already 
know them ; for example, atom, botany, comedy, disinfect, 
doctor, emancipate, form, figure, locomotive, monopoly, news, 
platina, police, telegraph, temperature, theatre, wagon, etc., etc. 

By means of these rules and certain inherent properties of 
my language, its study is extremely simple ; with 900 words 
learned, one has learned it from top to bottom, and these 900 
words embrace all the grammatical forms as well as all suffixes 
and prefixes. "With this small supply of words, any one, with- 
out any especial talent or capacity, and even without any ope- 
ration of the intellect, can create, by aid of the rules, all the 
other words and phrases that are necessary for daily life. Nay, 



12 

more, these 900 words are so chosen that any one with even 
the slighest amount of education can learn them with an ex- 
treme facility. So the study of this language, rich, harmoni- 
ous, comprehensible by the whole world (of which the reason 
will be shown later on), does not demand, like some other 
tongues, the devotion of years — indeed, to learn it thoroughly 
is but the work of A few days. 

SECOND PKOBLEM. 

The second problem I have arranged as follows : 

(a) I have introduced a complete disarticulation of ideas 
into independent words, so that the language comprises, in 
place of words submitted to grammatical forms, only such as 
are invariable. Take a book written in this language, and you 
will find that every word reappears always under the same 
and only guise, which is exactly that by which it is to be 
found in the dictionary. 

All the different grammatical forms, all the mutual relations 
of words among themselves, are expressed by the union of 
invariable words. But as such a construction of languages is 
entirely foreign to European nations,* and difficult to acquire, 
I have adapted this disarticulation to accord with their lan- 
guages so that any one, even one who has not read this man- 
ual, or even this preface (not at all indispensable for the study 
of my language), will find no difference in structure between 
my invention and his own mother tongue. 

For example, let us take the word frat,in,o ; this is really 
composed of three words — -frat (brother), in (female), o (that 
which is or exists), so the literal translation would be "that 
which is a female brother." The root word is "frat" " o " is 
the termination of substantives in the nominative case, from 

* Speaking Aryan tongues (Tr.). 



13 

which, arises the word "frato ; ; ' to form the feminine the suffix 
" in " is added to the root and placed before the case ending. 
The commas* are used to show the manner in which the word 
has been put together, thus facilitating its being found in 
the dictionary. So no trouble is given to the learner as far as 
the disarticulation of words is concerned ; he has no notion 
that what he calls suffix or affix are really independent words 
of invariable signification, whether at the beginning, end or 
middle of other words — that each of these particles can be 
employed independently, either as a root or as a grammatical 
form. From this it results that everything written in the 
International Language can be immediately comprehended in 
every precise shade of meaning (with or without the aid of a 
dictionary), not only by those who have no preliminary knowl- 
edge of its grammar, but even by those who have never 
heard of its existence.f 

For example, suppose I am in England, and, although entirely 
ignorant of the language, yet am obliged to interrogate some 
one ; I write down the following words : 

"iff ne sci,as hie mi las,is la baston,o,n ; chu vi ghi,n ne 
vidjs f " 

I hand this to him with the International Dictionary, and 
show him the first page, wherein is printed : "All that is writ- 
ten in the International Tongue can be understood by the aid of .. 
the vocabulary. When words are joined together to express a 
single notion, their component particles are separated by a 
comma;* thus ) frat,in } o, although having but one meaning, is 

*In the Vocabulary, etc., the Translator has used the hyphen to disar- 
ticulate the words, believing it less liable to lead to error than the comma. 

f The Translator wrote a letter in this language to a young friend who 
had previously never seen nor heard of it, enclosing the printed vocabu- 
lary ; he received an answer in the same tongue, with no other aid. This 
was a crucial test. 



14 



composed of three words, each of which is to be sought for sep- 
arately. 11 
y No doubt at first the person addressed, if he has never heard 
of my invention, will favor me with a broad stare; then 
taking the paper on which I have written, he will institute a 
hunt in the Dictionary with the following results : 



Mi \mi 


I 


I 


Ne \ne 


not 


not 


cy . ( sci 
bci.as < 

I as 


know 
the present indicative in verbs 


> know 


Kie \hie 


where 


where 


Mi \mi 


I 


I 


T { las 
Las,is < . 
1 is 


leave 
is the past indicative in verbs 


1 left 


La \la 


the 


the 


Baston^^n I 


has ton stick 


> stick 


o indicates a substantive 


n is the accusative ending 


Chu \chu 


is an interrogative particle 


? 


Vi \vi 


you 


vou 


Ghi,n iW 
I n 


it 


('« 


accusative case 


Ne \ne 


not 


not 


Vid,is [ vid 

[ IS 


to see 
the past indicative 


> seen 



and so the Englishman will easily comprehend the remark, / 
donH know ivhere 1 have left the stick ; have you not seen it ? 
If he wish to answer, I give him an English-International 
"Vocabulary, at the beginning of which is printed : " If you de- 
sire to express anything in the International Language, use this 
dictionary in which you will look for the words ; for the termina- 
tions designating the grammatical forms consult the Appendix 



15 

containing the grammar" In this supplement the rules are but 
of a few lines each, and so the rinding of the proper grammati- 
cal forms will consume no more time than the hunting up of a 
word in a dictionary. 

This matter, apparently so simple, is yet one of prime 
importance in a practical point of view. It is an evident 
matter that no one can make himself understood in a foreign ; 
language (which he has never studied) even with the help of 
the very best dictionary ; to use a dictionary we must know 
more or less of the language. 

To find a desired word we must know its root, yet in speech 
and writing almost every word is subject to a grammatical 
change, after which it has undergone so much variation from 
its original form that it recalls little or nothing of its pristine 
condition; often to roots are joined prefixes and suffixes, 
changing their appearance and signification, so that without a 
previous knowledge of the language none of these words as 
they stand can be found in the dictionary, and if found, will 
either fail to give an exact rendering of the phrase, or else an 
erroneous one. 

Take, for example, the phrase I have already given and put 
it into German : Ich weiss nicht wo ich den Stock gelassen habe ; 
haben Sie ihn nicht gesehen ? 

Take the dictionary and hunt up the words ; this will be 
the result of your investigations: U I — white — not — where — / — ? 
— story, cane — coldblooded — property — to have — she, they, you — 
f — not — ? " [Here the marks of interrogation stand for gram- 
matical forms not usually to be found in dictionaries.] I lay 
great stress on the fact of the usual vast size of dictionaries, of 
the most common languages, in which, after hunting for two 
or three words, one becomes tired ; according to the method 
of disarticulation that I have introduced, my dictionary is 
very small and portable. Indeed, in most languages, after 



16 

having found the word in the dictionary, it becomes a question 
as to which one of its significations is the correct one to be 
used in the present instance, and the result is almost deter- 
mined by chance./ Even if one could conceive of a grammar 
of the utmost simplicity, with an unchangeable signification 
for each and every word, yet it would certainly be the case 
'that for the person to whom you speak or write, to com- 
prehend your meaning, by the aid of a dictionary, he must 
have a preliminary knowledge of the grammar of the lan- 
guage and be sufficiently versed in its mode of conveying 
thought, to be able to distinguish the root words from those 
altered by grammatical forms. What advantage could be 
derived from such a language would depend upon the num- 
ber of people conversant with it, and if there were none, its 
utility would be represented by Zero. For example, if you 
are in a railway carriage and you want to find out from your 
neighbor, u How long shall we remain at Nf " it seems unnat- 
ural to ask him, in order to comprehend you, that he must 
learn the grammar of your language. In the International 
Language you can be understood by every one you meet, not 
only if it be unfamiliar to him, but even if he had never pre- 
viously heard of its existence. A book written in it can be 
read by any one without the least preliminary preparation, 
and without even having read any preface to explain how 
the vocabulary is to be used ; indeed, any person of ordinary 
education, can read the language at first sight, without even 
needing a dictionary. 

Desiring to write to a Spaniard at Madrid, but not knowing 
his language, and he being ignorant of yours, you can risk 
using the International Language, whether it be familiar to him 
or not, or even if it be totally unheard of; you can do so with 
.the certainty that he cannot possibly fail to comprehend you. 
1 The complete dictionary of the words necessary for every -day 



17 

life, thanks to the method of construction of my language, can 
be comprised on a small sheet of paper, which can be readily 
slipped into an ordinary envelope -J so there is nothing to do 
but to write your letter in my language and enclose the vo- 
cabulary in Spanish (a matter of a few coppers), and the 
addressee can certainly make out your letter, for you not only 
send him a dictionary, but clear and complete instructions how 
to use it. In it will be found sufficient words for usual pur- 
poses, and the method of formation of new words will serve 
as a model for all others that may be desired ; technical and 
"foreign" words will not appear in the vocabulary, as they 
can easily be replaced. 

(b)\ Thanks to the construction of the language, I therefore 
can communicate with any one I choose, the sole inconven- 
ience being that (until the tongue has become generally known) 
I must await the process of each phrase being analyzed. In 
order to obviate this as much as possible, I have chosen my 
stock of words, not at hazard, nor by creation, but have 
selected words already known to the whole world. \ Thus such 
words as are employed indifferently by most civilized peoples I 
nave retained without change ; '.if they sound differently in 
different languages I have chosen those already common to 
two or three of the most important modern European nations, 
or those that, although they belong only to one language, yet 
have a diffused currency. Where the sound varies I have 
endeavored to find one that could be recognized by various 
peoples. Thus, " proche" may mean differently in several 
languages; I therefore return to the Latin " proximus " which, 
more or less altered, appears in the modern tongues and form 
from it the word " proksim" which can surely be compre- 
hended by every person of a liberal education.^ In other 
cases I have taken Latin words bodily, as it has been an almost 
International tongue for a long period. My only exceptions 
2 



18 

to this rule have been to avoid kakophony, to simply orthogra- 
phy or to avoid homonyms. I am sure that in corresponding 
with an European of medium education, igoorant of the Inter- 
national Language, I should certainly not only be understood, 
but that he would find all he needed in the vocabulary with 
very little trouble. 

THIRD PROBLEM. 

I have finished the analysis of the principal properties of 
my language ; I have demonstrated the advantages it presents 
to those who shall learn it ; I have proved that its success in 
no wise depends upon the interest that society at large may 
take in it ; that it can with justice be called an International 
Language, even if no one cares to hear it spoken of; that, in 
fact, it gives to every one who learns it the possibility of being 
understood by any stranger, of whatever nationality, pro- 
vided he can read and write. But my language has still 
another object ; to be International does not suffice ; it would 
be Universal ;)tet would like to arrive at that point when it 
could be spoken fluently by the majority of mankind. To 
reckon upon the support of the public to reach this end would 
be to erect an edifice upon a vacillating and fantastic basis ; 
for the public, as a rule, likes that which is already in exist- 
ence, and is slow to lend a hand to establish any new thing. So 
I cast about to find out some means of attaining my object, 
independently of the " public support." One method is by an 
universal suffrage. If every one who reads my book would 
carefully reflect upon what I have already stated, he could not 
fail to reach the conclusion that the study of The International 
Language presents incontestable advantages, and would richly 
reward the very little trouble its acquisition would cost him ; % 
then could I hope that from the very outset my invention 
would be equipped with a goodly number of adherents. But 



19 

I prefer to be prepared for the very worst rather than bolster 
myself up with false hopes and too optimistic anticipations. 
I suppose that at first but very few persons will find so marked 
an advantage from the acquisition of this language that they 
will be willing to waste over it even one hour of their time ; X 
that the great bulk of my readers will give little or no atten- 
tion to my work, and not readily make up their minds to enter 
upon its study ; some may think it will not pay them for their 
trouble, others may fear to be considered as " visionaries " — a re- 
proach that, in our days, most people look on as being a disgrace, y 
and of which, more than anything else, they stand in dread. 
What shall be done then to encourage this vast mass of indif- 
ferent and undecided people, to give them an impetus to study 
this new language ? 

If our looks could penetrate into the souls of these luke- 
warm persons, no doubt we should behold the following : that 
while on general principles there is no one opposed to the 
introduction of an International Language, but, on the con- 
trary, would be greatly pleased with it, yet each one wants 
this great change to be effected without the least inconvenience 
or sacrifice on his part ;*that all of a sudden he should awaken 
some fine morning and find the whole wide world speaking 
this new tongue. Were this to be so, then the most indiffer- 
ent would haste to master it, because to be deterred by the 
slight labor of learning a language which possesses so many 
excellent qualities and is already known by the vast majority 
of the world, would be but a big piece of childishness.*, 

Desirous of offering the public a work already finished and 
through which, without the faintest effort or sacrifice on any 
one's part, the desired result could be achieved, as above set 
forth, I have made the following arrangement : The present 
pamphlet will be sent to all parts of the world, and I only ask 
that each reader into whose hands it may fall, instead of giving 4* 



20 

time or money to the furtherance of my project, will take his 
pen in hand and sign one of the blank forms that will be found 
at the end of this work. These blanks mean as follows : " I, 
the subscriber, promise to learn the International Language in- 
vented by Dr. Esperanto, if it be shown that ten millions of 
persons have given publicly the same promise." On the 
reverse the subscriber shall sign clearly his name and address. 

If there be any who have objections to urge against the 
principles of my invention, let them return to me the blank 
with their views and the word " Kontrau " written over its 
face ; if there be those who are willing to learn the Language, 
independent of others making the same promise, let them 
return it with the words " senftondicl^e" (unconditionally) 
similarly inscribed. 

This mere act of signing demands no effort, calls for no sac- 
rifice, and binds to nothing in case the undertaking should fail ; 
nothing, except to learn the language when ten millions of 
others have learnt it. This is very clearly no sacrifice, but 
only a very simple action, accelerating the fulfillment of the 
ideah( every signature gained is a step towards the realization 
of one of the highest dreams of humanity, without the slight- 
est discomfort on the part of those who make the promise. 

When the number of those who promise reaches ten millions, 
a book will be issued containing all their names and addresses, 
and the day after its appearance the problem will have been 
solved. 

Since the mere signing of this blank form, although tending 
towards the realization of a sublime ideal, demands of the 
subscriber no sacrifice, moral or material, and in no way 
troubles or incommodes him, it is hoped that no refusals shall 
take place. Indeed, under the circumstances, to refuse would 
not be simply a mere negligence — it would be to commit a 
real sin against humanity itself, and an intentional hindrance 



21 

to the development of this lofty ideal. But I hope that, for 
the honor of mankind, very few people can be found, who, for 
petty and insufficient reasons, would block the road to an 
invention so pregnant with fateful results to the entire globe. 

If objections exist to the mould in which I have cast the 
International Language, I trust that I shall be fully apprised 
of them ; it is the duty of all persons, of all ages, conditions, 
sexes, to contribute thus towards its success, as the filling up of 
one of my blanks will take but a few seconds of time, and the 
expense of a letter to me can be but a mere trifle. 

For those into whose hands this work may fall, there can be 
no excuse for a failure to respond to my reasonings, whether 
by adhesion to my plan, or by contradictory arguments ; no 
one can avail himself by the excuse, " 1 did not knoiv " of its 
importance. I therefore respectfully ask that editors shall give 
my ideas the utmost publicity, and that the general public 
shall know my claims. 

■* # # ■* # ###.#* 

Such is the general notion of my invention, and I am far 
from believing that it is so perfect that it cannot be surpassed, 
amended or improved ; but, according to my idea, it is the best 
form of an International Tongue, and I delayed until I had 
satisfactorily solved the three problems, before I presented it 
to the public judgment. I am but a mortal, and may easily 
fall into error, even an unpardonable one ; I might omit some 
element of most extreme importance or advantage. I have, 
therefore, decided, before publishing a complete dictionary, 
issuing a newspaper, etc., to submit, for the space of one year, 
my plans to the world at large, in the hope that men of let- 
ters would give me their views upon my proposal — sending me 
in writing their objections, if any, and their suggestions for its 
amelioration. I shall be very grateful for such action, accept- 
ing with gratitude all suggestions, and utilizing such as may 



22 

not be contradictory to the fundamental principles of my lan- 
guage and the facilities it affords for International relations. 
After all these suggestions have been pondered over and the last 
changes made, the Language will then take on its permanent 
and definite form. But even if these changes do not entirely 
give satisfaction, it must be remembered that the Language is 
not entirely finished, but that while the author no longer will 
have any say in the matter, an Academy, yet to be constituted 
will have plenary powers. * * * 

I now confide to the kindly disposed public this labor that 
has cost me so much thought, time and trouble, in the hope 
that every one to whom the welfare of humanity is dear, will 
afford to my project every possible assistance. Each one can 
tell, according to his surroundings, in what way he can be use- 
ful ; I only must insist on the utmost utility oF&full vote being 
obtained. Let every one do what he can, and before long we 
shall have arrived at the ideal so long the vision of the 
learned — a language common to the whole human race. 

END OF THE FIKST PART. 



PART II. 



Complete Maul of tie International Laipap, 



A. The Alphabet.* 



A a 


as in " far." 


Kk 


as in " key."' 


Bb 


as in "be." 


LI 


as in " long." 


Cc 


as in " cinnamon." 


M m 


as in "make." 


*Ch ch 


as in :: chair." 


Nn 


as in " now." 


Dd 


as in " date." 


Oo 


as in "fore." 


Ee 


as a in "make." 


Pp 


as in " pay." 


Ff 


as in "fly." 


Br 


as in " rare." 


Gg 


as in " go." 


Ss 


as in " see." 


*Gh gh 


as j in " John." 


*Sh sh 


as sh in " shine." 


Eli 


as in " half." 


T t 


as in " tea." 


*Hh hi 


as kh 


Uu 


as oo in "fool." 


Ii 


as e in i: me." 


U u 


as ou in " mount. 


J.j 


as y in "yoke." 


V v 


as in " very." 


*Jh jh 


as z in "azure." 


Zz 


as in " zenith." 




B. Parts 


of Speech. 



1. There is but one article, " la" the definite, unchangeable 

for all genders, numbers and cases. 

2. Substantives are formed by the addition of the suffix "o " 
to the root. The plural takes u j. n There are two cases, the 
nominative and the objective ; the latter is formed from the 



nominative by the addition of the suffix 



" n. 



All other case; 



are made by the use of prepositions, which are followed by 

the nominative form of the noun. 

* Dr. Esperanto uses for the letters ch, gh, kh, jh and sh, the letters c, 
g, h, j, s, in usual type, surmounted by a circumflex accent, which, as no 
such letters are in a printer's usual stock, we have replaced as above. 

(23) 



24 

Singular. Plural. 

Nominative. La patr-o, the father. La patr-o-j, the fathers. 

Genitive. De la patr-o, of the father. Be la patr-o-j, of the fathers. 
Dative. Al la patr-o, to the father. Al la patr-o-j, to the fathers. 

Objective. La patr-o-n, the father. La patr-o-j-n, the fathers. 

Ablative. Kun lapatr-o, with the father. Kun la patr-o-j, with the fathers. 

3. Adjectives are formed by suffixing "a" to the root; they 
take the same changes for case and number as the substan- 
tives. The comparative degree is made by prefixing " pli" 
(more), the superlative by u plej " (most). The word "than," 
after a comparison, is to be translated by u ol;" thus, pli 
blank-a ol negh-o, more white than snow. 

4. Numeral cardinal adjectives are not declinable; they are 
unu (1), du (2), tri (3),kvar (4), kvin (5), ses (6), sep (7), ok (8), 
naa (9) and deh (10), cent (100), mil (1000). The tens 
and hundreds are made by the simple union of the 
first ten cardinals ; thus, hvin-cent (500), tri-dek (30), deJc-ok- 
cent ok-dek oh is 1888, etc., etc. 

Ordinal numerals are formed by means of the adjective 
termination, "a;" thus, Jcvar-a, fourth. 

Multiplicative numerals take the suffix obl-a ; thus, tri-obl-a, 
triple. For numerals that designate fractions "on" is to be 
added ; thus, kvar-on-a, the fourth part. 

Collective numerals end in "op ;" thus, hvar-op-e\ by fours. 

Distributive numerals prefix u po" 

Adverbial nouns can be formed from cardinal numerals; 
thus, unu-o (unity), du-e (secondly), hvar-on-e (the fourth). 

5. Pronouns. 

(a) The personal are : 



Mi, I or me. 






iW, we or us. 


Vi, you, thou, 


thee. 






Li, he or hirn. 




1 




Shi, she or her 




Hi, they or them. 


Ghi, it. 




3 




Si, oneself. 






Oni, they (indefinite, as in they 
say. The French "on.") 



25 

(b) Possessive pronouns are formed by the addition of the adjec- 
tive ending u af thus mi, me — mia, mine; vi, yon — via, 
yours ; li, he — lia, his. 

A 11 pronouns are declined like substantives ; thus, mi, I — 
min, me ; li, he — lin, him, etc. 

6. The verb remains unchangeable in person and number, only 
changing for tense ; thus, mi far-as, I do ; ni far-as, we do 
la patr-o far-as, the father does. 

The verb takes the following forms : 

(1) The Present ends in as : mi far-as, I do. 

(2) The Past ends in is : mi far -is, I did or have done. 

(3) The Future ends in os : mifar-os, I shall do. 

(4) The Conditional ends in us : lifar-vs, he should do. 

(5) The Imperative ends in u : far-u, do ; nifar-u, let us do. 

(6) The Infinitive ends in i :far-i, to do. 

Participles are as follows : 

(a) Active form. 

(7) Present ends in ante : far-ante, doing. 

(8) Past ends in int : far-int-a, having done. 

(9) Future ends in out : far-ont-a, he who shall do. 

(b) Passive form. 

(10) Present ends in at-a : far-at-a, that which is done. 

(11) Past ends in it-a : far-it a, that which has been done. 

(12) Future ends in ot-a : far-ot-a, that which shall be done. 

The passive forms of the verb are composed of the verb " to 
be " (" est ") and the present passive participle, followed by 
the preposition " de ;" thus, li est- as am- at- a de chiu-j,he is 
loved by all. 

7. Adverbs terminate in " 6" and are compared with " pli " 
and " plej" the same as adjectives. For example, mi-afrat-o 
hant-as pli bon-e ol mi, my brother sings better than I. 

8. All prepositions govern the nominative case. 



26 

GENERAL RULES. 

1. Pronounce each word as it is written. 

2. Accent the syllable before the last. 

«/ 

3. Compound words are formed by the union of independent 
ones separated by a hyphen, the principal idea being placed at 
the end ; thus, steamship is vapor-shipo, where vapor means 
steam, ship, ship, and " o " is the substantive termination. 

4. Double negatives are not allowable. 

5. A word designating a place towards which action is, 
directed takes the accusative termination ; thus, hie vi est-as, 
where are you ? kie-n vi ir-as, whither are you going. 

6. Every preposition has a determinate and fixed signification . 
but where it is needed in a phrase where a choice is not definitely 
indicated, the preposition "/e," having no set meaning is to be 
employed ; thus " ghoj-ije ti-o" to rejoice over it; " enu-jo je 
la patr-uj-o" longing for one's fatherland; " rid-i je ti-o" to 
laugh at it, etc. 

Every language possesses this indefinite method of usage 
with more or less damage to the perspicuity of the meaning 
Here Ave only use "je," and indeed where no obscurity is 
likely to occur the accusative can be used without any prepo- 
sition. 

7. " Foreign " words change only to conform to my or- 
thography ; that is, in the case of primary words. Deriva- 
tive words had better be formed after my method ; thus, 
" tragedi-o" but " tragedi-a" tragical ; " teatr-o" theatre ; 
11 teatr-a" theatrical. 

8. Th.e termination " o " of the substantive and " a " of the 
article can be elided if desired, as, Skiller, instead of Shillero ; 
de V Mond-o, instead of de la Mondo. 

END OF THE SECOND PAKT. 



PART III. 

Specimens of the proposed Inteknational Language. 

I. PATR-O NI-A. 

Patr-o ni-a, kiu est-as en la chiel-o, sankt-a est-u Vi-a 
nom-o, ven-u regh-ec-o Yi-a, est-u vol-o Yi-a, kiel en la 
chiel-o tiel ankati sur la ter-o. Pan-o-n ni-a-n chiu-tag-a-n 
don-u al nihodiaii kaj pardon-u al ni shuld-oj-n ni-a-i-n 
kiel ni ankaii pardon-as al ni-a-j shuld-ant-o-j ; ne kon- 
duk-u ni-n en tent-o-n, sed liber-ig-u ni-n de la mal-ver-a 
char Yi-a est-as la reg-ad-o, la fort-o kaj la glor-o 
etern-e. Amen ! 

II. EL LA BIBLI-O. 

Je la komenc-o Di-o kre-is la ter-o-n kaj la chiel-o-n. 
Kaj la ter-o est-is sen-form-a kaj dezert-a, kaj mal-lum-o 
est-is super la profund-ajh-o, kaj la anim-o de Di-o si-n 
port-is super la akv-o. Kaj Di-o dir-is : est-u lum-o ; kaj 
far-igh-is lum-o. Kaj Di-o vid-is la lum-o-n, ke ghi est-is 
bon-a, kaj nom-is Di-o la . lum-o-n tag-o, kaj la mal-lum- 
o-n Li nom-is nokt-o. Kaj est-is vesper-o, kaj est-is 
maten-o — unu tag-o. Kaj Di-o dir-is : est-u firm-ajh-o inter 
la akv-o, kaj ghi apart-ig-u akv-o-n deakv-o. Kaj Di-o 
kre-is la firm-ajh-o-n kaj apart-ig-is la akv-o-n kiu est-as 
sub la firm-ajh-o de la akv-o kiu est-as super la firm- 
ajh-o ; kaj far-igh-is tiel. Kaj Di-o nom-is la firm-ajh-o-n 
chiel-o. Kaj est-is vesper-o, kaj est-is maten-o — la du-a 
tag-o. Kaj Di-o dir-is: kolekt-u si-n la akv-o de sub la 
chiel-o unu lok-o-n, kaj montr-u si-n sek-ajh-o; kaj far- 
igh-is tiel. Kaj Di-o nom-is la sek-ajh-o-n ter-o, kaj la 
kolekt-o-j-n de la akv-o Li nom-is mar-o-j. 

(27) 



28 

III. LETER-O. 

Kar-a amik-o ! 

Mi prezent-as al mi kia-n vizagh-o-n vi far-os post la 
ricev-o de mi- a leter-o. Yi rigard-os la sub-skrib-o-n kaj 
ek-kri-os : " cliu li perd-is la sagh-o-n ? ! Je kia lingv-o li 
skrib-is ? Kio-n signif-as la foli-et-o, kiu-n li al-don-is al 
si- a leter-o?" Tran-kvil-igh-u, mi-a kar-a! Mi-a sagh-o, 
kiel mi almenau kred-as, est- as tut-e en ord-o. 

Mi leg-is antau kelk-a-j tag-o-j libr-et-o-n sub la nom-o 
"Lingv-o inter-naci-a." La autor-o kred-ig-as, ke per tiu 
lingv-o oni pov-as est-i kompren-at'a de la tut-a mond-o-se 
ech la adres-it-o ne sol-e ne sci-as la lingv-o-n, sed ech 
ankau ne aud-is pri ghi ; oni dev-as sol-e al-don-i al la 
leter-o mal-grand-a-n foli-et-o-n nom-at-a-n "vort-ar-o." 
Dezir-ant-e vid-i, chu tio est-as ver-a, mi skrib-as al vi en 
tiu lingv-o, kaj mi ech unu vort-o-n ne al-met-as en ali-a 
lingv-o, tiel kiel se ni tut-e ne kompren-us unu la 
lingv-o-n de la ali-a. Eespond-u al mi, chu vi efektiv-e 
kompren-is kio-n mi skrib-is. Se la afer-o propon-it-a de 
la autor-o est-as efektiv-e bon-a, oni dev-as per chiu-j 
fort-o-j li-n help-i. Kian mi hav-os vi-a-n respond-o-n, 
mi send-os al vi la libr-et-o-n ; montr-u ghi-n al chiu-j 
logh-ant-o-j de vi-a' urb-et-o, sen'd-u ghi-n chiu-n vilagh-o-n 
chirkau la urb-et-o, chiu-n urb-o-n kaj urb-et-o-n, kie vi 
nur hav-as amik-o-j-n au kon-at-o-j-n. Est-as neces-e ke 
grand-eg-a nombr-o da person-o-j don-u si-a-n voch-o-n — 
tian post la plej mal-long-a temp-o est-os decid-it-a afer-o, 
kiu pov-as port-i graad-eg-a-n util-o-n al la hom-a societ-o. 

IV. MI-A PENS-O. 

Sur la kamp-o, for de l'mond-o, 
Antau nokt-o de somer-o 
Amik-in-o en la rond-o 
Kant-as kant-o-n pri l'esper-o. 



29 

Kaj pri viv-o detru-it-a 
Shi rakont-as kompat-ant-e r 
Mi-a vund-o re-frap-it-a 
Mi-n dolor-as re-sang- ant-e. 



"Chu vi dorm-as? Ho, sinjor-o, 
Kial tia sen-mov-ec-o ? 
Ha, kred-ebl-e re-memor-o 
El la kar-a infan-ec-o?" 
Kio-n dir-i? Ne plor-ant-a 
Pov-is est-i parol-ad-o 
Kun fraiil-in-o ripoz-ant-a 
Post somer-a promen-ad-o ! 

Mi-a pens-o kaj turment-o, 
Kaj dolor-o-j kaj esper-o-j ! 
Kiom de mi en silent-o 
Al vi ir-is jam ofer-o-j ! 

Kio-n hav-is mi plej kar-a-n 

La jun-ec-o-n — mi plor-ant-a 
Met-is mem sur la altar-o-n 
De la dev-o ordon-ant-a ! 



Fajr-o-n sent-as mi intern-e, 

Yiv-i ankaii mi dezir-as, 

Io pel-as mi-n etern-e, 

Se mi al gaj-ul-o-j ir-as . . 

Se ne plach-as al la sort-o 

Mi-a pen-o kaj labor-o 

Ven-u tuj al mi la mort-o, 
En esper-o sen dolor-o ! 



30 



V. EL HEINE' 



En songli-o princ-in-o-n mi vid-is 
Kun vang-o-j mal-sek-a-j de plor-o,- 
Sub arb-o, sub verd-a ni sid-is 
Ten-ant-e si-n kor-o eke kor-o. 



* 



"Be l'patr-o de l'vi-a la kron-o 
Por mi ghi ne est-as kav-ind-a ! 
For, for li-a sceptr-o kaj tron-o — 
Vi-n mem mi clezir-as, am-ind-a !" 



* 



•" ISTe ebl-e I" ski al mi re-dir-as 



" En tomb-o mi est-as ten-at-a, 
Mi nur en la nokt-o el-ir-as 
Al vi, mi-a sol-e am-at-a !" 

VI. HO, MI-A KOR'. 

Ho, mi-a kor', ne bat-u mal-trankvil-e, 
El mi-a brust-o nun ne salt-u for ! 
Jam ten-i mi-n ne pov-as mi facil-e 
Ho, mi-a kor' ! 

* ■* 

Ho, mi-a kor ! Post long-a labor-ad-o 

Cku mi ne vink-os en decid-a hor' I 

Sufich-e! trankvil-igh-u de l'bat-ad-o, 

Ho, mi-a kor' ! 



VOCABULARY. 



International-English. 

English-International, 



32 



International-English Vocabulary. 



VORT-AR-0 POR ANGL-O-J. 



All that is written in the International tongue can be understood by this 
Vocabulary. If several words together express one idea they must be written 
in one, but disjoined from each other by a hyphen ; for instance, frat-in-o, being 
one idea, is composed of three words, which must be separately looked for in 
the Vocabulary. 



a expresses an adjective j. 
f. in. /torn — man, horn- 
a — human 

acid sour, acid 

achet to buy 

ad indicates the duration 
of an action; f. in. ir 
— go, ir-ad — to walk; 
danc — a dance, danc* 
ad — dancing 

adiaii adieu, good-bye 

aer the air 

afer affair, business 

agl the eagle 

agrabl agreeable 

agh the age 

ajn . . . ever ; f. in. kiti — 
who,kiu-afn — whoever 

ajh indicates a thing, 
having some quality 
or peculiarity, or being 
made of some thing; 
f. in. mal-nov — old, 
mal-nov-ajh — old 
things ; frukt — fruit, 
frukt-ajh — made of 
fruits 

akompan to accompany 

akr sharp 

akv water 

al to; f. in. al li — to him 
(indicates also the da- 
tive) 

ali other 

aimenau at least 



alt high, tall 

alumct a match 

am to love, like 

amas a crowd, mass 

amik friend 

an a member, an inhab- 
itant, an adept; f. in. 
regit — state, kingdom, 
empire, regn-an — in- 
habitant of an empire, 
etc. Paris-an — a Pa- 
risian. 

angul an angle, a cor- 
ner 

angkel an angel 

anim the soul 

an kaii also, too 

ankorafi still, yet 

anstatau instead of 

ant indicates the parti- 
ciple present (active) 

an tan before 

apart separate 

apart en to belong 

apaiau scarcely, hardly 

apud near, nigh to 

ar indicates a collection 
of objects ; f. in. arb — 
a tree, arb-ar — a forest; 
shtup — step, stair; 
shtup-ar — staircase, 
stairs, ladder. 

arb a tree 

arghent silver 

as indicates the present 
in verbs 



at indicates the parti- 
ciple present (passive) 
a tend to wait for, expect 
aii or, either 
and to hear 
auskult listen to 
aiitun autumn 
av grandfather 
avar avaricious 
azeti an ass, a donkey 

B 

babil to prate, to chatter, 

to prattle 
bak to bake 
bala to sweep 
balanc to waddle, swing, 

sway 
baldaii soon 
ban to bathe 
bapt to baptize 
bar to bar (a door), to 

stop (a passage) 
barb the beard 
barel barrel, cask 
baston stick 
bat to beat, to flog 
batal to fight, to struggle 
bedaiir to pity, to regret, 

to repent 
bel beautiful, handsome 
ben to bless, consecrate, 

hallow 
benk a bench 
best an animal, a beast 
bezoit to want 



33 



Her beer 

bind to bind 

bird a bird 

blank white 

blov to blow 

blu blue 

bo got by marriage (own 
or other people's) ; f. 
in. patr — father, bo- 
patr — father-in-law, 
Jrat — brother, bo-frat 
— brother-in-law 

boj to bark 

bol to boil 

ben good 

bord the shore (of the 
sea), the bank or side 
(of a river), the rim or 
edge (of a dish) 

bot a boot 

botel a bottle 

bov an ox 

branch a branch 

brand brandy 

bril to shine, to sparkle, 
to glitter 

bros a brush 

bru to make a noise, to 
bawl 

brul to burn one's self 

brust, the breast, bosom. 

brtit brute 

bush the mouth 

buter butter 

buton a button 



eel to aim 

cent a hundred 

<r^;Y certain, sure, known 

ceter the remainder, the 
following, next 

cigar a cigar 

cigared a cigarette, a lit- 
tle cigar 

citron a lemon, citron 

Ch 
chagren to grieve, to vex, 

to chagrin 
chambr a chamber, a 

room 

3 



chap a cap, a bonnet 

chapel a hat 

^ar because 

^ near, by, at, beside 

chemiz a shirt (of a man), 
a shift (of a woman) 

tr^w a chain 

cheriz a cherry 

<t/^?t£ a coffin 

ches to cease, to leave off 

cheval a horse 

chi the next (person, 
thing, etc.); f. in tin — 
that one, tiu-chi — this 
one; tie — there, iie-chi 
— here 

chia every, every one 

chian always, ever 

chie everywhere 

chiel heaven, heavens, 
sky 

chio all 

chirkau around, round 
about 

chin the whole; ciu-j, 
everybody 

chj added to the first 2 to 
5 letters cf a mascu- 
line proper name 
makes of it a diminu- 
tive, caressing ; f. in. 
Mikhael — Mi- chj ; 
Aleksandr — Ale- chj 

chu or, if; is employed 
in questions; f. in. mi 
ne sci-as, chu vi am-as 
— I don't know, if you 
love? vichu in i — you 
or I? 

D 

da supplies the genitive 
(after words express- 
ing measure, weight, 
etc.); f. in. kilogram-o 
da viand — a kilo 
meat ; glas-o da te-o — 
a glass tea 

danc to dance 

dangher danger 



dank to thank 

daiir to endure, to last 

de from; supplies also 
the genitive 

decid to decide 

defend to defend 

dek ten 

dekstr right (adj.) 

demand to ask 

dens dense, thick 

dent a tooth 

detru to demolish, to de- 
stroy, to ruin 

dev to must, to be ob- 
liged 

dezert a desert, a wilder- 
ness 

dezir to desire 

Di God 

dik big, thick, stout 

diligent diligence, assid- 
uity 

di mane h Sunday 

dir to tell, to say, to 
speak 

dis dis-, asunder, into 
parts ; f . in. shir — to 
pull, dis-shir — to pull 
asunder. 

,disput to contend for, to 
quarrel, to dispute 

divid to divide 

dolck sweet 

dolor ache, pain, afflic- 
tion 

dom house 

don to give 

donac to make a present 
of, donate 

dorm to sleep 

dors the back 

du two 

dum during (preposi- 
tion); while, whilst 



e the ending of adverbs; 

f. in. bon-e — well 
eben even, smooth 
ebl possible 



34 



ec indicates quality as 
abstract idea; f. in. 
bon — good, bon-ec — 
goodness ; i nfa n — 
child, infan-ec — child- 
hood. 

ech even (adv.) also 

eduk to educate, to breed 

edz the husband 

efektiv real , effective 

eg indicates enlarging or 
increasing of degree; 
f. in. man — hand, 
man-eg — paw ; varm 
— warm, varm- eg — 
hot 

egal equal, like 

ej indicates the place of 
an action, etc.; f. in. 
kuir — to cook, knir-ej 
— the kitchen ; pregh 
— to pray, pregh ej — 
the church 

ek indicates the begin- 
ning or the short dura- 
tion of an action, etc.; 
kant — to sing, ek-kant 
— to begin to sing; 
kri — to cry, ek-kri — 
to cry out, to exclaim* 

eks formerly ; placed be- 
fore an official or a 
professional designa- 
tion, shows that a per- 
son has given up his 
office or profession 

ekster on the outside of, 
outwardly, without, 
out of 

ekzempl example 

el from, of 

elekt to choose, to elect 

em inclined, disposed, 
accustomed 

en in 

enn to be weary, annoyed 

envi to envy 

er indicates a thing tak- 
en as a separate unity; 
f. in. sabl — sand, sabl- 
er — grain of sand 



erar to err, to be wrong, 
to be mistaken 

escept to exclude, to ex- 
cept 

esper to hope 

esprim to express, to de- 
clare by words 

est to be 

esti?n to esteem, to prize 

esting to extinguish 

estr the chief, the supe- 
rior 

et indicates diminution 
or decrease of degree ; 
f. in. rid — to laugh, 
rid-et — to smile ; mur 
— a wall, mur-et — a 
little wall, chamber- 
wall 

etagh a floor, a story 

etern et.rnal 



/act'/ light, easy 

/ad en thread 

/ajf to pipe, to whistle 

/ajr fire 

/a/ to fall 

/aid to fold 

/atni/i family 

/ar to do, to make, to 
act ; /ar-igh — to be- 
come, to turn, to grow 

/art to live, to be, to go 
(well or ill) 

/e/ich happy 

fond lo split, to chop 

/enestr window 

/er iron 

/erm to shut 

/est to feast, to hold a 
feast 

fianch one who is be- 
trothed, the bride- 
groom 

fide I faithful, true 

fier proud, haughty 

fil a son 

/m to finish 

fingr a finger 

firm firm, solid 



fish a fish 

flank side, flank 

fiar to smell 

fiav yellow 

flor flower 

fiu to flow, to swim, to 
float 

fiug to fly 

fluid liquid, fluid 

foj time (French /ois ; 
German ma/) 

fojn hay 

jo/i a leaf (of a tree), 
a sheet (of paper, etc.) 

fond to found 

font a fountain 

for away 

forges to forget 

forgh to forge 

fork a fork, a tablefork 

forn a stove 

fort strong, vigorous 

fos to dig 

/rap to hit, to beat 

frat brother 

/rau/ bachelor, single 
man 

/resh fresh 

/romagk cheese 

/rost frost, coldness 

/; ot to rub 

/ru early, in the morn- 
ing 

/rukt fruit 

/runt forehead 

fuim a lightning 

/um the smoke 

/nnd the bottom 



gaj gay 

gajn to win, to gain 

gant a glove 

gard to guard, to keep 

gast guest 

ge of both sexes; f. in. 
patr — father, ge-patr- 
o j — parents ; mastr — 
master, ge-mastro-j — 
both the master and the 
mistress of the house 



35 



genu knee 

glaci ice 

glas a glass 

glat smooth, even 

glav sword 

glit to slide, to glide 

along (on ice) 
glor to glorify 
glut to swallow 
gorgh throat 
grand great 
gras fat, grease 
grat to scratch 
gratul to congratulate 
grav grave, important 
griz gray, gray-headed 
gust the taste 
gut to drop ; gut-o — a 
drop 

Gh 

gharden a garden 
ghe?7i to groan 
ghentil genteel 
ghi it, this 
£^« to, till 

ghoj to rejoice, to be 
glad 

H 

ha ! ha ! ah ! 

hajl the hail 

haladz bad exhalation 

/&## to stop, to make a 
stay 

har a hair 

haring a herring 

/$#«/ skin, hide 

hav to have 

/$<?// to heat, to make a 
fire 

help to help, to aid 

herb herb, grass 

hered to inherit 

hieraic yesterday 

//<?/ oh! 

hodiau to-day 

horn man, woman ; gen- 
erally an human per- 
son 



honest honest 
hont shame 
hor an hour 
horlogh a clock 
hotel inn, hotel 
huniil humble 
hund dog 



i indicates the infinitive 
in verbs; f. in. laud-i 
— to praise 

ia whoever, whatever 

ial by whatever cause 

ian whenever, once 

id child, descendant; f. 
in. bov — ox, bov-id — 
calf 

ie somewhere 

iel in whatever manner 

ies some one's 

ig cause to become ; 
f. in. pur — pure, clean, 
pur-ig — to purify, to 
cleanse ; sid — to sit, 
sid-ig — to seat 

igh to become, to turn ; 
f. in. pal — pale, pal- 
igh — to turn pale 

il designates instru- 
ments; f. in. land — to 
shear, tond-il — scis- 
sors ; paf — to shoot, 
paf-il — a gun, a mus- 
ket, a firelock 

Hi they 

in indicates the femi- 
nine; f. in. patr — the 

father, patr-in the 

mother ; kok — cock, 
kok-in — hen 

ind worth, worthy 

in fan child 

iug a thing in which 
something is put ; f. 
in. kandel — a taper, a 
candle, kandel-ing — a 
candle-stick 

ink ink 



instru to leach 

insul island 

insult to insult, to out- 
rage 

int indicates the parti- 
ciple passed (active) 

intenc to intend 

inter between 

intern inwardly, inter- 
nally 

invit to invite 

io somewhat 

iom how much, ever 

ir to go 

is indicates the passed 
(in verbs) 

ist occupied with; f. in. 
bot — boot, shoe, bot-ist 
— shoemaker ; mar — 
sea, ynarist — a sea- 
man, a sailor 

it indicates the parti- 
ciple passed (passive) 

in some one 



J 



j indicates the plural 

ja however, nevertheless 

jam already 

jar year 

je can be translated by a 
large number of pre- 
positions ; this signifi- 
cation depends upon 
the general sense o 
the phrase 

jen there, here 

jes yes 

ju — des the — the 

jugh to judge 

jun young 

just just 

jhaud Thursday 
jhet to throw, to cast 
jhur to swear 



36 



K 

kaf coffee 

kaj and 

kajer stitched book of 
writing paper, a copy 
book (in schools) 

kaldron kettle, caldron 

kalesh calash, a light 
carriage 

kalkul to count, to reck- 
on 

kainen chimney, a fire- 
place 

kamp a field 

kanap a sofa 

kandel a candle 

kant to sing 

kap head 

kapt to seize, to catch 

kar dear 

karb coal 

kares to caress 

kash to hide, to conceal 

kat a cat 

kauz to cause, to occa- 
sion 

ke that (conj.) 

kelk some, any 

kest box, chest 

/foz what; f. in. kia 
hom-o — what man; kia 
tag-o — what day 

kial why 

kian when 

kie where 

kiel how 

kies whose ; f. in. kies 
libr-o — whose book ? 

kio what ? ! 

kiom how much, how 
many 

Ids to kiss 

kin who 

klar clear 

>£/ztf£ boy, lad 

kok cock 

/y>/ neck 

/£<?/,?£- a colleague 

£0/^/ to collect, t o 
gather 



koler to be angry 

koloti column, pillar 

kolor a color 

kovib to comb 

komenc to begin 

komerc to trade, to traf- 
fic 

kompat to compassion- 
ate, to bear with 

kompren to understand, 
to conceive 

kon to know 

kondich condition 

konduk to conduct, to 
lead 

konfes to avow 

konsenl to consent 

konserv to preserve, to 
keep 

konsil to counsel, to ad- 
vise 

konsol to console, to 
comfort 

konstant constant, stead- 
fast 

konstru to construct, to 
build 

kotitent content, satis- 
fied 

kontrau against 

konven to suit, to agree 

kor the heart 

korn a horn 

kor on a crown, a gar- 
land 

korp the body 

kort the court, courtyard 

kost to cost 

kovr to cover 

krack to spit 

krajon a pencil, a crayon 

kravat a cravat, neck- 
cloth 

Z->r to create 

kred to believe 

Z'r<?^/& to grow, to wax 

kret chalk 

kri to cry 

£mr a cross 

kudr to sew 

-£«*> to cook 



kuler a spoon 

kulp culpabie, guilty 

kun with ; kun-e — to- 
gether 

kupr copper 

kur to run 

kurac to cure 

kuragh courageous, res- 
olute, bold 

kurten curtain 

kusen a cushion 

kush to lie ; f. in. abed 

kutirn to accustom one's 
self to 

kuz a cousin 

kvankam though, al- 
though 

kvar four 

kvin five 



laj 

labor to labor, to work 

lac weary, tired 

lakt milk 

lam lame 

lamp lamp 

/#«</ land, country 

lang the tongue 

lantern a lantern 

/tfrovfc large, broad 

larm a tear 

/tfj to let, to permit, to 
allow to leave 

last last 

lau in conformity to, 
conformably, accord- 
ingly 

laud to praise, to com- 
mend 

laut aloud, loudly 

lav to wash 

lecion a lesson 

leg to read 

legh law 

leon a lion 

/<?r# to learn 

lert dexterous, skillful 

leter letter 



37 



lev to lift (up), to raise 

li he 

liber free 

libr a book 

lig to bind 

lign wood 

lingv speech, language, 
tongue 

lip lip 

lit bed 

liter a letter (of the al- 
phabet), a type 

logh to dwell, to lodge 

lok place, stand, spot 

long long 

hid to play 

lum to light, to shine 

lun the moon 

hind Monday 

M ■ 

mack to chew 

magazeti a magazine, a 
shop 

makul a spot, a speck 

#z<z/ indicates contrasts ; 
f. in. bon — good, mal- 
bon — bad ; estim — to 
esteem, mal-estim — to 
despise, to disdain 

malgrau in spite of, not- 
withstanding 

man hand 

mangh to eat 

mar the sea 

mard Tuesday 

mastr master 

maten the morning 

matur ripe, mature 

mem self 

memor to remember, to 
keep in mind 

merit to merit, to de- 
serve 

merkred Wednesday 

met to put; answers in 
all significations and 
shades to the French 
" mettre " 

mez the middle 



mezur to measure 

mi I 

miks to mix, to mingle 

mil thousand 

7nilit to combat, to fight, 
to struggle 

mir to be astonished, to 
wonder 

mizer misery, poverty, 
wretchedness 

tnoder moderate, tem- 
perate 

modest modest 

mol soft, tender 

mon money 

monat month 

mond the world 

7twnt mountain 

7nontr to show 

mo7'd to bite 

morgan to-morrow 

mort to die 

mosht highness, majesty, 
etc. (is generally add- 
ed to titles) ; f. in. 
Vi-a regh-a 7noskt-o — 
Your Royal Majesty ; 
Vi-a g e 7i e r a I - a 
7/iosht-o, Vi-a episkop-a 
7)iosht-o, etc. 

7/iov to move, to stir (up) 

77iult much 

mur wall 

77iur77iur to murmur 

mush a fly 

N 

n indicates the accusa- 
tive case and the di- 
rection ; f. in. mi ir-as 
dom-o-n — I go home 

nagh to swim 

najbar neighbor 

nask to bear a child, to 
bring forth, to give 
birth to 

7iau nine 

naz nose 

ne no 

nebul mist, fog 



neces indispensable, ne- 
cessary 

negh snow 

nek — nek neither — nei- 
ther 

nenia not any 

ne7iia7i never 

7ie7iie nowhere 

7teniel by no means, in 
no wise 

ne7iies nobody's 

nenio nothing 

neniu nobody, no one 

7iep grandchild 

nev a nephew 

ni we 

7iigr black 

nj added to the first two 
to five letters of a 
feminine proper name 
makes of it a diminu- 
tive, caressing ; f. in. 
Ma ri — Ma - nj ; 
Em Hi — Em i- nj 

nobl noble 

nokt night 

nom name 

7io7?ibr number 

7iov new 

7itib cloud 

nud naked 

nuks nut 

nun now 

nur only 

7tutr to nourish, to nurse 
(a child) 



o indicates a substantive 

obe obey 

objekt object 

obi indicates a numeral 
in multiplicative form ; 
f. in. du — two, du-obl 
— two-fold, double, of 
two different sorts 

obstin obstinate, stub- 
born 

odor to exhale fragrance, 
to smell (well) 



38 



ofend to offend, to wrong 

ofer offer 

oft ofcen 

ok eight 

okaz to happen 

okul eye 

okup to occupy 

ol than, as 

#/<? oil 

ombr shadow, shade 

ombrel parasol, umbrella 

on makes fractions out 
of numerals ; f. in. 
kvar — four, kvar-on — 
fourth part 

ond the wave 

oni (pron. indef. plur.) 
they, people 

onkl uncle 

ont indicates the partici- 
ple future (active) 

op indicates collective 
numerals; f. in. du — 
two, du-op — in twos 

oportun opportune, con- 
venient 

or gold 

ord order 

ordinar ordinary, com- 
mon, usual 

ordon to order, to com- 
mand 

orel the ear 

os indicates the future 

ost a bone 

ot indicates the partici- 
ple future (passive) 

ov an e<jcr 



pac peace 

paf to shoot 

pag to pay 

pagh a pTge 

pajl straw 

pal pale 

pa lac a palace 

palp to feel, to handle 

gently 
palpebr eyelid 



pan bread 

pantalon trousers 

paper paper 

pardon to pardon, to 
forgive 

parenc relation 

parker by heart, by mem- 
ory (par cceur') 

parol to speak, to talk 

part part, portion, share 

pas to pass, to go by 

pastr priest, clergyman 

pash to step, to stride 

pair father ; patr-uj — 
fatherland 

pec a morsel 

pel to pursue, to chase 

pen to endeavor, to do 
one's best 

pend to hang 

pens to think 

pentr to draw 

per through, by, with 
aid of 

perd to lose 

permes to permit, to al- 
low 

pes to balance 

pet to pray, to beg ; to 
ask 

pez weigh (some number 
of pounds) 

pi pious 

pied foot 

pile to prick, to sting 

pilk a ball (to play with) 

pingl a pin 

pir a pear (a fruit) 

plac a place, a square 

plach to please 

plafon ceiling 

plank floor (of a room) 

plcj most (adv.) 

plen full 

plend to complain 

plezur pleasure 

pli more 

plor to weep, to shed 
tears 

plum plume, feather 

pluv rain 



po forms divisive nu- 
merals ; f. in. kvin — 
five, po-kv i n — five 
each 

polv dust 

pom apple 

pont a bridge 

popol people, nation 

por for 

pord door 

pork swine, pig, hog 

port to bear, to wear 

post after (prep.) 

postul to require, to call 
for 

posh a pocket 

posht post, post-office 

pot a pot 

pov to be able 

prav being right 

pregh to pray, to say 
prayers 

prem to press, to oppress 

pi'tn to take 

prepar to prepare 

preskatc almost, nearly 

pres to print 

pret ready 

prezent to present, to 
represent, to mtroduce 

pri at, on, of, about 

printemp the spring 

pro for . . . sake 

profomd deep, profound 

pfoksim (adj.) near, nijjh 

promen to walk, to take 
a walk 

promes to promise 

propon to propose 

propr one's own 

piov to try, to essay 

prudent prudent, reason- 
able 

prunt to borrow, to 
lend 

pulv gun- powder 

pulvor powder 

pun to punish 

pup a doll 

pur pure, clean 

push to push 



39 



putr to rot, to putrify, to 
grow putrid 

R 

rad a wheel 

radi a ray, a beam, a 
spoke of a wheel 

?Wz'/£ root 

rakont to relate, to tell 

ramp to creep, to crawl 

rand the bank, shore, 
edge, border 

rapid rapid, swift 

raz to shave 

re again, back 

reg to reign, to govern 

regn kingdom, realm 

regul a rule 

regh a king 

rekt straight 

rekompenc to recom- 
pense, to reward 

renkont to meet (with) 

renvers to throw, to pull 
down 

respond to answer 

rest to remain 

ricev to receive 

rich rich 

rz# to 1 ugh 

rigard to look at, on or 
upon 

ring a set ring 

ripet to repeat 

ripoz to repose, to take 
rest 

river a river 

romp to break 

r<?«^ circle 

rost to fry, to roast 

roz a rose 

rz^/z red 



sabat Saturday 

sabl sand 

ja^/z wise, sage 

sak a sack, a bag 

.svz/ salt 

Wz* to spring, to jump 

salut to salute, to hail 

sam same, self 

san sound, sane, healthy 



sang blood 
sankt holy, sacred 
sap soap 
sat satiate 
sav to save 
set to know 

se if 

sed but 

j^-^ a chair, a seat 

j-^ dry 

sein to sow 

semajn a week 

j<?^ without 

j^«r sense, meaning 

send to send 

.j^z* to feel 

sep seven 

serch to look for, to 
search 

serpent serpent, snake 

serur a lock 

serv to serve 

ses six 

sever severe, sharp 

si one's self, himself, 
themselves, etc. 

sid to sit 

sigel to seal 

sign a sign 

signif to signify, to mean 

^z'/ 1 ?;zz' to be silent 

simil resembling, simi- 
lar, like 

simpl simple, common 

sinjor lord, master 

skrib write 

she to shake, to jog 

sobr sober 

societ society 

soif to be thirsty 

sol sole, only, unique 

somer summer 

son to sound 

songh to dream 

sonor to buzz, to hum 

sort lot, chance, destiny, 
fate 

savagk savage, wild 

spec a species, kind 

spegul mirror, looking- 
glass 

spir to respire, to breathe 

sprit witty 



stal stable 

star to stand 

stel star 

stomak stomach, ventri- 
cle 

strat a street 

sub under 

subit sudden 

such to suck 

sufer to suffer 

sufich sufficiently, 
enough 

suk the juice 

suker sugar 

sun sun 

sup soup, pottage 

super above (prep.) 

supr above (adv.), at 
the top 

stir on, upon 

surd deaf (adj.) 

surtitt coat 

Sh 

sriajn to seem 

shancel to totter, to stag- 
ger 

shangh to change 

sh a urn foam , s c u m 

she/ shell 

sherc to jest 

si she 

j/zz/> ship 

j^zr to tear 

shlos lock 

;///;«> to smear, to 
spread 

shnur a rope, a string, a 
cord 

shpar to spare 

shpruc to spout, to 
sprinkle 

shrank cupboard, 
clothes-press 

shtal steel 

j/zA?/ to steal 

shtof stuff 

jyzz^/z stone 

shtop to stop, to cork 

shtrump stocking 

shtup step; shtup-ar— 
staircase, stairs, ladder 



40 



shu shoe 

shuld to owe, to be in- 
debted 
shut to empty 
shvel to swell 
shvit to sweat 

T 

tab/ table 

tabul a board 

tag day 

tajlor tailor 

tamen yet, however 

tapish carpet, tapestry 

/a% to be of use, to be 

fit for 
te tea 

tegment roof 
/<?/^r plate 
/<?/«/ lime 
ten to hold 
/<?«/ to tempt 
ter earth 
/^r«r terror 
tia such 
/zVz/ because, for this 

reason 
Han then, at that time 
tie there 

tiel so, in such a manner 
tim to fear 
#0 it, this, that 
Horn so, as much or 

many 
tir to draw, to pull 
tin that ; ( — ) chi — this 
to I linen 

tomb a grave, a tomb 
tond to shear, to cut the 

hair 
tondr to thunder 
tra across — through 
traduk translate 
tranch to cut 
trankvil tranquil, quiet 
trans over 

tre very, greatly, exceed- 
ingly 
trem to t r e m d 1 e , to 

shake, to shiver 
tren to draw, to drag, to 

trail 
tri thiee 



trink to drink 

tro too 

tromp to deceive 

trov to find 

tru a hole 

tuj immediately, alto- 
gether 

ink handkerchief 

tur a tower 

Hirment to torment 

turn to turn 

tus to cough 

tush to touch, to lay 
one's hand on 

tut whole, total, com- 
plete 

U 

u indicates the impera- 
tive (in verbs) 

uj bearing, containing 
(such as a thing con- 
taining or bearing 
something, as a tree 
bearing iruits, a coun- 
try with inhabitants) ; 
f. in. cigar — a cigar, 
cigar-uj — a cigar-box ; 
pom — an apple, pom-uj 
— apple-tree ; Turk — 
a Turk, Turk-uj — 
Turkey 

ul a man possessing 
some quality; f. in. 
rich — rich, rich-ul — 
a rich man 

um a prefix without sta- 
ble signification ; can 
be translated by differ- 
ent words 

ting nail 

unu one 

urb town, city 

urs a bear 

us indicates the condi- 
tional 

util useful 

uz to make use of 

V 

vaks wax 

van vain, fruitless 



vang cheek 

vapor vapor 

varm warm 

vast vast, spacious 

vaz vessel 

vek to awake 

velk to fade, to wither 

ven to come 

vend to sell 

vend red Friday 

venen poison, venom 

vengh to revenge, to 
avenge 

venk to vanquish 

vent wind 

ventr belly 

ver truth, verity 

verd green 

verk to create, to make 

verm worm 

versh to pour 

vesper evening 

vest to clothe; vest-o — 

clothes 
veter the weather 
vetur to go (in a carriage, 

in a ship, etc.) 
vi you, thou 
viand meat, flesh 
zid to see 
vilagh village 
vin wine 
vintr winter 
violon violin 
vir a man, a husband 
vish to wipe 
vitr glass 
viv to live 
vizagh face, visage 
voch voice 
voj way 
vok to call 
vol to wish 
vort a word 
vost a tail 
vund to wound 



zorg to take care of, tc 
provide for, to be so- 
licitous 



41 



English-International Vocabulary, 



COMPILED EY 



Henry Phillips, Jr. 



abed kush 

able pov 

above super 

about pri 

accompany akompan 

across trans 

accustom oneself to ku- 

tim 
abstract nouns end in ec 
accordingly Ian 
#r/$<? dolor 
<2«'^ acid 
acquainted with, to be- 

co?ne konigh 
action, place of, ej [suffix) 
action, duration of, ek 

{suffix) 
action (n.) faro 
adjectives end in o 
adverb («.) evort 
affair afer 
affliction malplezur 
a/?,?r post 
again re 
against kontrau 
against his will vole ne 

vole 

«§* a g n 
«cnf«/ agent 
a^ antau 

agreeable agrable 

aid help 

az> aer 

«?';;/ eel 

alike egal 

a// chie 



alley aleo 

aloud laut 

already jam 

<2/.r0 ankau ; ech 

although kvankam 

altogether tuj 

ambiguity malklarec 

ancestors antauoloj 

a«<3? kai 

angel anghel 

angle angul 

angry koler 

animal best 

annoy chagren 

annoyance chagrenec 

answer respond 

any kelk 

anticipate antaupens 

actechamber antau :hani- 

bro 
apple pom 
arise sin lev 
army militistaro 
arotind chirkau 
as — so kiu — tia 
ass azen 
assist help 
astonish mir 
astonishing } 
astonishing > miregindajo 

things ) 
asunder dis (affix) 
at pri 

a/ /e-aj/ al menau 
#/ cw^'j /jcw.57? (chez) che 
at your house (chez) che vi 
attack atako 
autumn autun 



avarice avarec 
avaricious avara 
avaricious ma?i avarul 
avenge vengh 
az^y konfes 
awake vek 

awake, to cause to, vekigh 
away for 

B 

&z<r£ (adv.) re 

&z<ri («.) dors 

^#<f mal 

bad exhalation haladz 

babble babil 

bachelor fraul 

^ sak 

£#&? bak 

balance balanc 

bald senhara 

ball pilk 

bank of a river rand 

baptize bapt 

3#r bar 

bark (v.) boj 

barrel barel 

&Z.J,? malnobl 

<£aM<? ban 

^flw/ bru 

be est 

<fe cured sanigh 

beam of light radi 

bear urs 

beard barb 

<fetf.tf best 

£<r0/ (w.) bat frap 

beautiful bel 



42 



because tial 

become {suffix) igh 

become farigh 

beco7n e friendly with 

amikigh 
beer bier 
before antau 
before I had spoken a 

word se ia antauparolis 
beg pet 

beggar malrichegulo 
begin komenc 
behind post 
belief kred 
belly ventr 
belong apart 
below malsupr 
bench benk 
betroth fianchig 
between inter 
<^ dik 

/)zW lig, bind 
bird bird 
£//<? mord 
black nigr 
^/<?.s\y ben 
blood sang 
^/c>7# blov 
£/W blu 
board tabul 
^c^V korp 
boil bol 
^/<r/ kuragh 
&?«<? ost 
bonnet chap 
<fo<?/6 libr 
boot bot 
borrow prunt 
<W//<? hotel 
bottom fund 
£<?jc kest 
£oy knab 
brandy brand 
bread pan 
£raz/' romp 

breakfast matenmangh 
breast brust 
breathe spir 
^/vc^ eduk 
^;-*V/<? fianch 



bridge pont 
brink bord 
broad largh 
brooch bros 
brother frat 
brotherhood frateco 
3z«7</ konstru 
business afer 
£z*/ sed 
butter buter 
button buton 
£z*y achet 
£y par 



<:a^ sukrpan 
calash kalesh 
caldron kaldron 
calf bovid 
call vok 
call for postul 
candle kandel 
candle-stick kandelig 
cap chap 
caprice kapris 
capricious kaprisa 
care for zorg 
careless maldiligenta, 

senregardema 
carpenter meblisto 
carpet tapish 
cask barel 
cast jhet 
^vz/ kat 
cause kauz 

cause, to do, {suffix') ig 
mzir ches 
chagrin chagrin 
chain chen 
chair segh 
<r/W/- kret 
chamber chambr 
chance sort 
change shangh 
character kharakter 
cheek vang 
cheese fromagh 
chest kest 
<r/z<?w mach 



<r/z2>/" teacher lernejestro 

child in fan 

childhood infanec 

child of id {suffix) 

chimney kamin 

choleric ekkolerema 

chop fend 

circle rond 

<rzVj/ urb 

civilization civilizado 

clean pur 

^/mr klar 

clear out {v.) forir 

clearness klareco 

clock horlogh 

closet shrank 

clothe (v.) vest 

cloud nub 

coal karb 

<r0r/£ kok 

coffee kaf 

<:^w cherk 

rc/<r/ malvarm 

collar kolum 

collective nouns end in ec 

collect kolekt 

colleague koleg 

color kolor 

column kolon 

comb komb 

combat milit 

combustible brula 

come ven 

come forth elir 

command ordon 

commend laud 

compatriot kunlandano 

coniplete tut 

compound [adj.) kunme- 

tita 
comprehensible kompren- 

ebla 
conceal kash, kovr 
coficeive kompren 
condition kondich 
conduct konduk 
conformably lau 
consecrate ben 
consent konsent 
constant konstant 



43 



construct Iconstru 

contend disput 

content kontent 

content with kontenta je 

cook {v.) cuir 

copper kupr 

cojy-book kajer 

cork (v.) shtop 

corner angul 

corporeal korpa 

cost kost 

cough tus 

counsel konsil 

count kalkul 

country land 

countryman landano 

court (n.) jughejo 

courage kuragh 

courageotis kuragh 

cousin kus 

cover kovr 

cravat kravat 

create kri, verk 

creator krianto 

credible kredinda, kre- 

deble 
credulous kredema 
criminal jughato 
cross kruc 
crowd am as 
crowds, to be in, armse 
crown koron 
cry kri 
cry out ekkri 
cuff {n.) (manchettes), 

manumo 
culpable kulp 
cupboard shrank 
cure kurac 
curiosities vidindajo 
curtain kurten 
cushion kusen 
cut (7/.) tranch 



D 

daily chiutaga 
dance danc 
danger dangher 
dangerous danghera 
dark malluma 



darkness mallumeco 

day tag 

deaf surd 

dear kar 

deceive tromp 

decide decid 

deep pro fond 

deep (;?.) profondagho 

defend defend 

deliver liberig 

demand postul 

demolish detru 

dense dens 

depart from forir, forve- 

tur (travel) 
dependant depend 
dependancy dependeco 
descend subir 
desert dezert 
deserve merit 
desire dezir 
despair malesper 
despise males'.im 
destroy detru 
dexterous lert 
die mort 

difficult mafacila 
difficulty mafacileco 
dig fos 

diligent diligent 
disagreeable malagrabl 
disclose malkovr 
discount rabat 
disperse disir 
displease malplach 
dissolve fluid ig 
divide divid 
do far 
dog hund 
doll pup 
donkey azen 
door pord 
doorkeeper pordisto 
double duobla 
double (v.) duoblig 
drag tren 

drawers, chest of, tirkesto 
drink trink 
drive away (v.) elpel 
dry sek 

dry land sekajho 
dull sounding mallaute 



dtimb surd 

during dum *> 

dust pulv 
duty devo 
dwell logh 

E 

eagle egl 

ear Orel 

early fru 

earnestly kore 

(?ar//z ter 

<?a.sy facil 

easily destroyed detru- 

ebla 
eat mangh 

economical shparema 
edge rand 
educate eduk 
egg ov 
eight ok 
either au 
^/<?r^ elekt 
empire regn 
empty malplen, dezert 
encouragement kuragigho 
<?«rt!' finigh 
endeavor pen, prov 
endure daur 
enemy malamik 
<?«/i?r enir 
tf/zz/j/ envi 
equal egal 
d-rr erar 
estee??i estim 
eternal etern 
euphony bonsoneco 
euphonious bonsona 
euphonious bonsoneca 
*z^« {adj.) glat 
^z><f« {adv.) eben 
evening vesper 
<?tw chia 
^wry chian 
everyone chiu-j 
everywhere chie 
evil (11.) malbonado, mal- 

bonajho 
evil {adj.) malver 
example ekzempl 
exceedingly tie 



44 



exclaim ekkri 
exclude escept 
exit {v.) forir, elir 
expel el pel 
expensive multekosta 
explode eksplodig 
express esprim 
exterior eksterajho 
extinguish esting 
extraordinary neordinar 
eye okul 

eyeglasses okulvitroj 
eyelid palpebr 



face vizagh 
fade velk 
faithful fidel 
fall fal 

fall out of elfal 
false malver 
family fa mil 
fat gras 
fate sort 
father pat 
faiher-in-law bopat 
fatherland patrij 
_/^zr tim 
y^rtj/ 1 fest 
feather plum 
_/£<?/ sent, palp 
feminities end in in 
^/^ kamp 
./%/z/ batal 
_//W trov 
finger fingr 
finish fin 
_/?r<? fajr, brulo 
firmament firmajho 
yfr/J fish 
fit, to be, taug 
y?z/<? kvin 
flame brulo 
flank flank 
yfovz viand 
yfoa/ flu 
yftwr etagh 
flow flu 
fluid fluid 
A O-) Aug 



foam shaum 

fold fald 

fool malsaghado 

foolish malsagh 

foolishness malsagheco 

foot pied 

for pro 

forbidden malpermesita 

forehead frunt 

foreign alilanda 

foreigner alilandulo 

forest arbar 

forge forgh 

forget forges 

yc»r/« form 

fry (v.) rost 

fulfill plenum 

full pi en 

fumes fumoj 

furniture mebl 

formless senforma 

formerly eks 

found [v.) fond 

fountain font 

fractions end in on 

fraternity frateco 

//vv libr 

fresh fresh 

friday vendred 

friend amik 

/>w« de, el 

jfrwtf frost 

frugal shparema 

/r«// frukt 

fruitless van 



£77 m gajn 
garden gharden 
garland koron 
gather kolekt 
gay gaj 
genteel ghentil 
get up sinlev 
giant grandegulo 
give don 

£7z/£ birth to nask 
£7tfd? ghoj 
glass (adj.) vitr 
£to («.) glas 
glide glit 



glisten \ , ., 
gliter J 
^rz/j g!or 
^•/<9z/<? gant 
^ir 

6 . y } vetur 

(?r carnage J 

go forth elir 

6Wdi 

£-0/0/ or 

golden ora 

£•00;/ bon 

goodness bonec 

£7?0a' condition, to be in 

bonaforto 

govern regn 

grand grand 

grandfather av 

grandchild nep 

^7-zw.r herb 

gratulate gratul 

grave grav, tomb 

^roy griz 

great grand 

greatly grande 

greatly tre 

green verd 

groan ghem 

^vwiy kresk 

guard gard 

£z/^/ gast 

guilty kulp 

£7m pafil 

gunpowder pulv 

H 

/W/hajl 

/Wr har 

//awtf 7 man 

handle palp 

handkerchief tuk, vishilo 

hallow sankt 

/5a// halt 

handsome bel 

/fowp- pend 

happen okaz 

happy felich 

hardly apenau 

/W chapel 

/7.0W hav 

/joy fojn 



45 



he\\ 

head kap 

health san 

healthy Sana 

hear aud 

heart kor 

hearty parker 

heaven chiel (superu= 

lojh ?) 
help help 
herb herb 
herring haring 
hide {n.) haut 
^/^ (z/.) kash 
high alt 
highness mosht 
hill montel 
hinder malhelp 
hit frap 
hole tru 
/$<?/y sankt 
honest honest 
hope esper 
hopeless senesper 
horn korn 
^or^ cheval 
hospital malsanulejo 
hot varmeg 
hour hor 
house dom 
^w kiel 
how many kiom 
//0ze/ much kiom 
^■z£/ <?/;/ are _j/0w kian 

aghon vi havas ? 
how do you do kiel vi 

fartas 
hum (v.) sonor 
humor humor 
human {adj.) homa 
human being {n.) horn 
humanity homaro 
humiliation malaltigho 
hundred cent 
husband vir, edz 



/mi 

zV^ glacio 
z/"se 

ignoble {man) malnob- 
lulo 



illegible nelegbl 
illuminate ekbrulig 
imagine si prezent 
immediately tuj 
immortal ne mortem 
i?nportani grav 
impossible neebl 
improper malkonvenu 
m en 

inaudible mallaute 
incessantly senchese 
incomprehensible m a 1 - 

komprenebla 
incorrect malkonvenu 
increase (v.) pligrandigh 
incredible ne kredebl 
indecorous malkonvenu 
industrious laborema 
indispensable neces 
inexpressible neesprimebl 
infant infano 
infancy infaneco 
ink ink 
inn hotel 
in no wise neniel 
instead of anstatau 
insult insult 
instruct instru 
instructor instruanto 
intend intenc 
invite invit 
inward intern 
iron fer 
island insul 
issue forth (v.) elir 
it ghi, tio 
Italian, the, italujano 



jest sherc 

jog sku 

joy ghoj 

judge {n.) jughanto 

judge (v.) jugh 

juice suk 

y#.y/ just, prav 

justice pravigho 



K 



key shlosilo 
kill mortig 



kingdom regech 

know ken 

knee genu 

kind {specie.) spec 

kettle kaldron 



labor labor 

lad knab 

/<2/;^ lam 

lamp lamp 

language linguo 

lantern lantern 

large largh 

/a.?/ (z>.) dau 

last {adj.) last 

/a/<? malfru 

law legh 

/azy maldiligent 

lead {v.) konduk 

leafiol 

learn lern 

leave off ches 

/<?£#/ legh a 

legend popolrakont 

legible legebl 

less malpli 

lesson lecion 

lest last 

let, to, las 

letter leter 

lie abed kush 

ligature kunligado 

light {v.) lum 

/?>/?/ the candle ekbruligu 

la kandelon 
light {adv.) facil 
lightning fulmin 

like {v.) am 

like {adj.) egal 

linen tojl 

/z'c;z leon 

lip lip 

//o/<?;z /# auskult 

literally litere 

/z#7<? malgranda 

/zz/tf viv 

lock serur, shlos 

locksmith shlosilisto 

lodge logh 

Zw£ (z>.) perd 



46 



lot (n.) sort 
loud (adj.) laut 
love (v.) am 
low-voiced mallaut 
lower (adj.) malsupra 

M 

machine mashin 
machinist mekhanisto 
??iade of (suffix) ajh 
make (v.) far, verk 
make a noise bru. ekkri 

make use of \\z 

malgre ltd vole ne vole 

man vir, edz 

many, to be about to, 
edzigh 

maievlous mirinda 

mass amas 

master sinjor, mastr 

match alumet 

matter afer 

me mi 

meagre maldik 

meaning senc 

meat, viand 

measure mesur 

mechanic mekhanisto, 

meet with renkont 

member of (suffix) an 

merchant kormercisto 

mercilessly senkompate 

middle mez 

milk lakt 

miraculous things mire- 
gin dajo 

misery mizer 

mist nebul 

mistaken, to be, erar 

moderate moder 

modest modest 

money mon 

moon Inn 

morning mat en 

morrow, to, morgau 

morsel pec 

7;w/rt/mortema 

wtfj/ plej 

mountain mont 

mouth bush 

w/oz/* (7/.) sin port 

wwM mult 



muddy malklar 
murmur murmur 
music muzik 
»;«;/ (t'.) dev 

N 

nail ung 

naked nud 

720/tti nom 

narrow mallargha 

nation popol 

nature natur 

near by che 

nearly preskau 

neck kol 

needle kudril 

neither nek 

nephew nev 

never nenian 

«*«/ nov 

news novaghoj 

newspaper gazet 

newcomer n-,va veninto 

7/t'.r/ morning postironta 

mateno 
nigh apud 
night nokt 
mw* nau 
«0 ne 

nobody neniu 
nobody's nenies 
«o means, by, neniel 
no one neniu 
nor nek 
«0.y<? naz 
not any nenia 
nothing nenio 
nourish nutr 
novelties navaghoj 
7/C7C nun 
nowhere nenie 
number nombr 
numerals collective end 

in op 
numerals divisive kvin 
nurse zorganto 
««/ nuks 

O 



0£(?y obe 
object objekt 



obscure malklara 

obscurity maiklareco 

obstruct malhelp 

occasion kauz 

occupy okup 

occur okaz 

0<afor odor 

of el 

offend ofend 

offer ofer 

often oft 

02'/ ole 

0/(7 malnov 

old man maljunulo 

c« pri, sur 

one unu 

<?w^ who (suffix) ist 

tf/z^'.v 071W propr 

on the outsjde of tl<str 

opaque malklar 

open malferm 

order ord ; ordon (v.) 

ordinary ordinar 

other ali 

out /f ,. lekster 
outwardly J 

cwr trans 

07£/<? shuld 

<?.*• bov 



/«£* pagh 

pain dolor, malplezur 

/«/«/ (v.) pentr 

palace palac 

/c/A' pal 

/><7/Vr paper 

pardon pardon 

parents patroj 

parsimonious shparema 

/#;-/ part 

participles 

active passht 
present, ant at 
past, int it 
future, ont ot 

^rtw pas 

paw man eg 

pay pag 

/>£a<r<? pac 

pear pir 



47 



pmcit kra]on 
perhaps eble 
permit las, permes 
perspicuity klareco 
petition pet 
physician kuracist 
pig pork 
pillar kolon 
pin pingl 
pity bedaur 
place plac 
plaintiff pl'endito 
plate teler 
play lud 
please plach 
pleasure plezur, ghoj 
plurals end in j 
pocket posh 
poetry poezio 
poison venen 
porter pordisto, kortisto 
portieres pord ok u 1 te n j oj 
possible ebla 
possibly eble, kredeble 
pour versh 
powder pulv 
power fort 
practicable praktika 
praise laud 
/r«jj/ pregh 
preconceive ant au pens 
predecessors aktanoloj 
preface antauparolo 
pregnancy naskonteco 
prepare prepar 
present p\*ezent, donac 
preserve konserv 
press prem 
previously pri 
prick pik 
pride fierco 
priest pastr 
print press 
prison malliberajo 
probable kredebla 
proceed from forvetur 
profound profund 
promise promes 
propose piopos 
proud fier 
proverb popoldir 
pull tir 



tiunish pun 
punishment punado 
pure pur 
purity pure co 
pursue pel 
/wj/fc push 
putrid putr 



quarrel disput 
quarter kvarono 
quiet trankvil 



rage koler 

rain pluv 

rainy pluva 

rapid rapid 

nzj/ rad 

mzafj/ pret 

real efekiiv 

receive ricev 

recognize rekon 

recover {get well) sanigh 

red rugh 

redeem plenum 

redouble (v.) duobligh 

reign regn 

rejoice ghoj 

relate rakont 

relation parenc 

remain rest 

remainder ceter 

remember memor 

repeat ripet 

repent bedaur 

repose ripoz 

represent prezent 

require postul 

resolute kuragh 

respire spir 

reveal malkovr 

revenge vengh 

revengeful venghema 

revivify ") . . , 

. J - / V revivigh 
revive j & 

reward rekompenc 

rich rich 

rz«£- ring 

right, to be, prav 

rz^-/^ (ajd.) delotr 



right (justice) pravigho 

ripe matur 

river river 

roast robt 

r<?<9/~tcgment 

rct>;/z chambr 

r#0/ radik 

rope shnur 

rot putr 

rough malglat 

rub frot 

r^/<? regul 

ruler reganto 

run kur 

rzm continuously kurad 

russian russijano 



sack sak 

sacred sankt 

sage sagh 

sailor marist 

sailors shipestroj (ships' 

company) 
salt sal 
salute salut 
same sam 
jtfwtf'sabl 
,y««^ san 
sanity prudent 
satiate sat 
satisfied kontent 
Saturday sabat 
savage sovagh 
save sav 

saving shparema 
scarcely apenau 
scatter disshut 
scholar lemanto 
school lernej 
scissors tondil 
scratch grat 
scum shaum 
seal sigel 

seamstress kudristino 
search serch 
seat segh 
see vid 
•SW/7Z shajn 
seize kapt 
^//mera 
5r// vend 



48 



senator senataro 

send send 

sense senc 

separate apart 

separately apartigh 

separate (v.) disshir 

serve serv 

sever sep 

severe sever 

saw kudr 

shade, shadow ombr 

shake (v.) trem 

shame hont 

shame/ess senhonta 

sharp akr 

shave raz 

.y^ sh 

j^#r tond 

j/^i?/ of paper fol 

,y<?// shel 

j^z'tt^ bril 

j^a^ ship 

ship's captain shipestro 

j///r/ chemiz 

shiver trem, ektrem 

j>4^ bot, shu 

shop magazin 

short mallonga 

shut ferm 

sick malsana 

sick, to be, malsanigh 

sicker malsanigh 

sign sign 

signify signif 

silent silent 

silver argent 

similar simil 

simple simpl 

sin shuld 

sing kant 

singer kantisto 

single unuobla 

singular ununombro 

sit. sed 

six ses 

skin haut 

jZ?<?/ dorm 

j/zV<? glit 

smear shmir 

smell flar 

smoke fum 

smoothc glat 



snake serpent 

j?zc7f negh 

J0 tiel 

soap sap 

j(?^r sobr 

society societ 

sofa kanap 

soldier militaristo 

soldiery militistaro 

sole sol 

solicitous, to be, zorg 

solid, to be, firm 

some kelk 

.T0>7/<? one kelkiu 

some one's kelkies 

somewhat kelkio 

somewhere kelkie 

son fil 

soon baldau 

sound (v.) son 

sound {adj.) san 

soup sup 

sour acid 

jew sem 

spacious vast 

.y/W,? fosilo 

i/a« shpar 

spark 'e bril 

^r^ makul 

speech lingvo 

spirit anim 

spit krach 

split fend 

spoken gently mallaute 

spring printempo 

sprinkle shpruc 

stable (n.) stal 

stable (adj.) firm 

stagger shancel 

stairs shtupar 

stand (v.) star 

star stel 

steal shtel 

j/^r/shtal 

j/^ stup 

stepson duonfi lo 

stick baston 

still (adv.) ankorau 

still (adj.) trankvil 

stir mov 

stocking shtrump 

stomach stomak 



stone shton 
stop halt, shtop 
store magazin 
stove forn 
stout dik 
straight rekt 
straw pajl 
j//<?^ strat 
string shnur 
strong fort 
struggle milit 
.tfz^" shtof 

subjection dependeco 
.mr/z tia 
jz/r^ such 
sudden subit 
suddenly subite 
suffer sufr 

stiff cent, to be, sufich 
sugar suk 
summer somer 
.$■«« sun 

Sunday dimanch 
supper vespermangh 
swallow glut 
swear jhur 
sweat shvit 
sweep bala 
sweet dolch 
ra'c// shvel 
jo/(j# rapid 
.vtc/av nagh 
swine pork 
swing balanc 
sword glav 
sympathy kunsent 
system sistema 
systematic sistema 



fo£/<? tabl 

foz7 vost 

tailor tajlor 

/<?/,£ parol, babil 

tall alt 

/a.yfe gust 

tea te 

tor («.) larm 

tear (v.) shir 

tedious enuiga 

telegraphically telegrafe 



49 



^•//rankont 

tempi tent 

ten dek 

tender (adj.) mol 

terrible terura 

terror terur 

thank dank 

that (pro.) tio, tiu, kia 

that which, kiu 

£■/$«/, (conj.) ke 

//#<?;z tian 

M<?r<? tie 

these tiu chi 

M^y ili 

thick dik 

//fo'^shtelist 

Mw maldik 

thing afer 

things worth seeing 

vidindoja 
think pens 
thirsty, to be, soif 
//$<?.r£ vi 
thought penso 
thread faden 
^w tri 
through and through tra, 

per 
throw jhet 
throw away forjhet 
thursday jhaud 
thousand mil 
thunder tondr 
<fz'// ghis 

&V«<? (adv.) foj, mal (fois) 
//#*«? («.) temp 
tired, to be, lac 
to ghis (jusqu'a) 
to-day hodiau, hierau 
together with kune 
/0//z3 tomb 
to-morrow morgau 
tongue lingv, lang 
too tro (trop) 
too ankau (aussi) 
tooth dent 
top supro 
torment turment 
touch tush 
tower tur 
A?w?z urb 
traffic komerc 



trail (v.) tren 
tranquil trankvil 
translate traduk 
transparent travidebl 
travel (v.) vetur 
travel veturon far 
tree arb 
tremble trem 
trespass shuld 
/r«<? ver, fidel 
truth vereco 
tuesday mard 

U 

uncermoniously sencere- 

monie 
uncertain malcert 
uncover malkovr 
under sub 
tmderstand kompren 
undress (v.) sin senves- 

tig 
uneuphonious malbon- 

soneca 
unfortunate [one) malfe- 

lichul 
unfortunate (adj.) \ , 
unhappy / 

felicha 
unique sol 
upon sur 
use (v.) uz 
useful util 
useless malutil 
usual ordinar 



vain van 
vanquish venk 
vapor vapor 
z/«,tf vast 
venom venen 
verity ver 
very tre 

z^ry ##/<? tre malmult 
village vilagh 
villager vilagh ano 
violin violon 
visage vizagh 
visible videbla 



voice voch 
void dezerta 



W 

waddle balanc 

wait for atend 

wake vek 

walk promen 

wall mur 

warm varm 

wash lav 

washwoman lavistino 

watch-charms montrantoj 

water akv 

wax (n.) vaks 

wax (v.) kresk 

way voj 

w*? ni 

weak malfort 

week semajn 

weary, to be, enu 

weather veter 

Wednesday merkred 

weigh pes 

welfare bonafarto 

■w/Zbone 

well-known chiu konata 

what kia 

whatever kio 

wheel rad 

w/j^tz kiam 

whenever iam 

where kie 

which kiu 

whiskers vangharoj 

whistle fajf 

w/hVv? blank 

Wyfo kiu 

whoever kiuaj 

w/Sc/.? chiu, tut 

whose kies 

w>&0 /zV<?.y .y>$a// j^ kiu 

vivos, tiu vidos 
o//ij/ kial 

wickedness malbonado 
w/zV^ edzino 
«/z'^/ sovagh 
will vol 
W// /&<? nill he vole ne 

vole 



50 



win gajn 
wind vent 
window fenestr 
wine vin 
wings flugiloj 
winter vintr 
wi_pe vish 
wise sagh. 
wish vol 
w/zV/k kun 

without sen, ekster 
witty sprit 
woman virino 



wonder mir 

wonderful miranda 

micaf lign 

world mond 

worm verm 

worry, I don't, about any 
thi?ig, mi el nenias fa- 
ras al mi chagrinon 

worth ind 

worthy inda 

wound vund 

wretchedness mizer 

ze/rzVV skrib 



wrong (v.) of end 
wrong, to be, erar 



year jar 
yellow flav 
j^ jes 

yesterday hierau 
_j/i?/ ankorau 
_y<?z* vi 
j0z*7Z0-jun 
youth (n.) junulo 



Promes-o. 

Mi, sub-skrib-it-a , 
promes-as el-lern-i la pro- 
pon-it-a-n de d-r-o Esper- 
anto lingv-o-n inter-naci- 
a-n, se est-os montr-it-a, 
ke dek milion-o-j person- 
o-j don-is publik-e tia-n 
sain-a-n pronies-o-n. 

Sub-skrib-o : 



Promes-o. 

Mi, s u b-s k r i b - i t-a, 
promes - as el - lern-i 1 a 
propon-it-a-n, de d-r-o 
Esperanto lingv-o-n in- 
ter-naci-a-n , se est-os 
inontr-it-a, ke dek nii- 
lion-o-j person-o-j don-is 
publik-e tia-n sam-a-n 
promes-o-n. 

Sub-sk?Hb-o : 



Promes-o. 




Mi, sub-skrib-i 


t-a, 


promes-as el-lern- 


l la 


propon-it-a-n d e d 


-r-o 


Esperanto lingv-o-n 


in- 


ter-naci-a-n, se est 


-o s 


montr-it a, ke dek 


mi- 


lion-o-j person-o-j don-is 


publik-e tia-n sam 


a n 


promes-o-n. 




Sub-skrib-o : 





Promes-o. 

Mi, sub-skrib-it-a, 
promes-as el-lern-i la 
propon-it-a-n d e d-r-o 
Esperanto lingv-o-n in- 
ter-naci-a n, se est-os 
montr it-a, ke dek mi- 
lion-o-j person-o-j don-is 
publik-e tia-n sam-a-n 
promes-o-n. 

Sub-skrib-o : 



Note — Please return these, when signed, to Dr. Samenhof, Warsaw, Russia, for Dr. 
Esperanto. 




Nom-o 



Adres-o 



Nom-o 



Nom-o 



Adres-o 



Adres-o 



Promes-o. 

Mi, sub-skrib-it-a, 
promes-as el-lern-i la pro- 
pon-it-a-n de d-r-o Esper- 
anto lingv-o-n inter-naci- 
a-n, se est-os montr-it-a, 
ke dek milion-o-j person- 
o-j don-is publik-e tia-n 
sam-a-n promes-o-n. 

Sub-skrib-o : 



Promes-o. 

Mi, sub-skrib-it-a, 
promes - as el - lern-i 1 a 
propon-it-a-n, de d-r-o 
Esperanto lingv-o-n in- 
ter-naci-a-n, se est-os 
montr-it-a, ke dek mi- 
lion-o-j person-o-j don-is 
publik-e tia-n sam-a-n 
promes-o-n. 

Sub-skrib-o : 



Promes-o. 

Mi, sub-skrib-it-a, 
promes-as el-lern-i la 
propon-it-a-n d e d-r-o 
Esperanto lingv-o-n in- 
ter-naci-a-n, se est-os 
montr-it-a, ke dek mi- 
lion-o-j person-o-j don-is 
publik-e tia-n sam-a-n 
promes-o-n. 

Sub-skrib-o : 



Promes-o. 

Mi, sub-skrib-it-a, 
promes-as el-lern-i la 
propon-it-a-n d e d-r-o 
Esperanto lingv-o-n in- 
ter-naci-a-n, se est-os 
montr-it-a, ke dek mi- 
lion-o-j person-o-j don-is 
publik-e tia-n sam-a-n 
promes-o-n. 

Sub-skrib-o : 



Note— Please return these, when signed, to Dr. Samenhof, Warsaw, Russia, for Dr. 
Esperanto. 



Nom-o 



Adres-o : 



Nom-o 



Adres-o 



Nom-o 



Adres-o 



Nom-o 



Adres-o 



55 



NOJVI=AR=0 

de T verk-o-j pri la lingv-o inter-naei-a (Esper- 
ant-a), kiu-j el-ir-is ghis Novembr-o, 1888. 



No. Nom-o de l'veek-o : 

1. Dr-o Esperanto. Lingv-o inter-naci-a. 

Antau-parol-o kaj plen-a lern-o-libr-o 
en la lingv-o rus-a . . . 

2. — en la lingv-o pol-a . . 

3. — en la lingv-o franc- a 

4. — en la lingv-o german-a 

5. — en la lingv-o angl-a 

13. Hanez. Safah achath lekulanu (lern-o- 

libr-o de l'lingv-o inter-naci-a Espe- 
rant-a en la lingv-o hebre-a) . 20 

6. Dr-o Esperanto. Mai-grand-a vort-ar-o 

inter-naci-a rus-a . . 3 

7. — inter-naci-a pol-a . . 3 

8. — inter-naci-a franc- a . 3 

9. — inter-naci-a german-a . 3 

10. — inter-naci-a angl-a . . 3 

11. Dr-o Esperanto. Du-a Libr-o de l'lingv-o 

inter-naci-a (skrib-it-a inter-naci-e) 25 

12. — Al-don-o al la Du-a Libr-o de 1' 

lingv-o inter-naci-a (inter-naci-e) . 10 

14. A. Grabowski. La negh-a blov-ad-o. 

Eakont-o de A. Pushkin, (inter- 
naci-e) 15 



Kost-o 



15 


kopek-o-j 


15 


kop. 


20 


kop. 


20 


kop. 


20 


kop. 



kop. 

kop. 
kop. 
kop. 
kop. 
kop. 

kop. 

kop. 



kop. 



56 

No. NOM-0 DE L'VERE-0 : KOST-0 ! 

15. L. Einstein. La lingvo internacia als 
beste Losung des internationalen 
Wei tspr ache - Problems, Vorwort, 
Grammatik und Styl nebst Stamm- 
worter-Verzeichniss nach dem Ent- 
wurf des pseudonymen Dr. Espe- 
ranto 50 kop. 



Est-as pres-at-a kaj el-ir-os post mal-long-a 
temp-o Plen-a vort-ar-o rus-a-inter-naci-a. Kost-o, 1 rubl-o. 

Chiu-j supr-e skrib-it-a-j verk-o-j pov-as est-i ricev- 
at-a-j en la libr-ej-o-j kaj ankaii che (\V~0 L, ZCiYYl' 
SYlhof (VflySOVl'O, stra t-o Przejazd N". 9). Anstataii 
mon-o oni pov-as send-i sign-o-j-n de posht-o (de chia 
land-o). Por la posht-a trans-send-o oni dev-as al-don-i po 
20 fo de la kost-o de l'verk-o-j. Kiu acbet-as ne mal-pli 
ol por unu rubl-o, tiu por la trans-send-o ne pag-as. 



En la komenc-o de chiu monat-o est-as pres-at-a 
iOV-a nom-ar-o de chiu-j verk-o-j pri la lingv-o inter- 
naci-a (de kiu ajn ili est-as el- don-it- a-j), kiu-j el-ir-is de 
la komenc-o mem ghis tiu monat-o. 1^°" Kiu dezir-as 
regul-e chiam sci-i pri la progres-ad-o de l'lingv-o inter- 
naci-a, "^H tiu pov-as send-i 30 kopek-o-j-n por jar-o 
al la el-don-ant-o de la dir-it-a-j dom-ar-o-j (L. Zamenhof, 
Varsovi-o, strat-o Przejazd N. 9), kaj tiam li akurat-e 
ricev-ad-os per la posht-o chiu-n nov-a-n nom-ar-o-n tuj 
kiam ghi est-os pres-it-a. 



ERMAN TEXT-BOOKS 



^cruvmiN 

PUBLISHED BY 



Y HOLT & CO., New York. 

These books are bound in cloth unless otherwise indicated. 



Grammars and Exercise Books. 

Blackwell's German Prefixes and Suffixes. By J. S. Blackwell, 

Professor in the University of Missouri. 16mo, 137 pp. 
Huss's Oral Instruction in German. By H. C. O. Huss, Professor of 

Modern Languages in Princeton College. 12mo. 230 pp. 
Joynes-Otto First Book in German, The. For young pupils. By Emil 

Otto. Eevised by Edward S. Joynes, Professor in the South 

Carolina College. 12mo. 116 pp. Boards. 
Joynes-Otto Introductory German Lessons, The. New edition, with 

full vocabularies. By Prof. Edward S. Joynes. 12ino. 252 pp. 
Xeetels's Oral Method with German. By Jean Gustave Keetels. 

12mo. 371 pp. 
Otis's Elementary German By Charles P. Otis. 16mo. 332 pp. 
Otto's German Conversation Grammar. By Dr. Emil Otto. New 

edition, revised, and in part re- written, by Wm. Cook. 12mo. 

Half roan. 591 pp. 
Otto's Translating English into German. By Dr. Emil Otto. 

Edited by Prof. Rhodes Massie and Prof. Edward S. Joynes. 

12mo. 167 pp. 
Spanhoofd's Deutsche Grammatik. By A. W. Spanhoofd, teacher iu 

St. Paul's School, N. H. 16rno. 187 pp. 
Wenckebach und Schrakamp's Deutsche Grammatik fur Amerikaner. 

By Carla Wenckebach, Professor in Wellesley College, aud 

JOSEPHA SCHRAKAMP. 12mO. 291 pp 

Whitney's Compendious German Grammar. By Wm. D. Whitney, 
Professor in Yale University. 12uio. 472 pp. Half roan. 

Whitney's Brief German Grammar, based on the author's "Compen- 
dious German Grammar." By Wm. D. AVhitney. 16mo. 143 pp 

Whitney-Klemm German by Practice, The. By Dr. L R. Kle.mm. 
Edited by William D. Whitney. 12mo. * 305 pp. 

Natural Method and Conversation Books. 
Game of German Conversation. By Mme. F. Jeff Tensler. 
Heness's Der Neue Leitfaden Beim Untericht in der deutschen 

Sprache. By Gottlieb Hexess. 12mo. 403 pp. 
Heness's Der Sprechlehrer unter seiuen Schuleru, von Gottlieb 

Heness. 12mo. 187 pp. 

Kaiser's Erstes Lehrbuch. Yon Heinrich C. Kaiser, Ph.D. 12mo 
128 pp. 

Pylodet's German Conversations. By L. Pylodet. 18mo. 278 pp. 

Schrakamp und Van Daell's Das Deutsche Buch. By A. N". Van Daell 
and Josepha Schrakamp. 12mo. 144 pp. 

Sprechen Sie Deutsch % 18nio. 147 pp. Boards . 

Stern's Studien und Plaudereien. First Series By Sigmon M. Stern, 
Director of Stern's School of Languages 12mo 262 pp. 

Stern's Studien und Plaudereien. Second Series. By Sigmon M. Stern 
and Menco Stern. 12mo. 380 pp. 

Wenckebach's Deutscher Anschauungs-TJnterricht. By Carla and 
Helene AVenckebach. 12mo. 451 pp. 

Williams's German Conversation and Composition. By Alonzo Wil- 
liams, A.M , Professor in Brown University. 12mo. 147 pp. 



Synonyms Discriminated: 

A Dictionary of Synonymous Words in the English Language, 
Illustrated with Quotations from Standard Writers. 

BY CHARLES JOHN SMITH, M.A. 
Heto 2£fcition, toitf) tfje gutfior's latest Corrections autr glOOitions. 



12mo. pp. 781. $2.25 



AN unusually full and fresh treatment of this subject. The author is not content to 
give the usual cut-and-dried generalizations, but by judicious comment and illus- 
tration endeavors to make the distinctions and relations between words interesting and 
living as well as clear. The quotations from authors are a noteworthy feature of the 
book. They are numerous enough to illustrate all the important distinctions, yet every 
passage is selected with care, not simply with reference to the illustration in question, 
but also because it is an example of forcible writing. 

The derivation of words is given wherever necessary to an understanding of their 
fundamental meaning; but this feature of the work is not allowed to overburden it. 



A FEW OTHER LANGUAGE BOOKS. 

BAIN'S ENGLISH GRAMMARS. 

A Higher English Grammar. New edition, revised and enlarged. By Alexander Bain, 

Professor in the University of Aberdeen. i6mo. 358 pp. 
Composition Grammar. By Alexander Bain. lamo. 358 pp. 

CORSON'S SAXON AND EARLY ENGLISH. 

A Hand-hook of Anglo-Saxon and Early English. With Notes, Glossary, and Grammatical 
Synopses. By Hiram Cokson, Professor in Cornell University. Second edition, thoroughly 
revised. Large nmo. 584 pp. 

LOUNSBURY'S THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 

History of the English Language. By T. R. Lounsbury, Professor in Yale University. i6mo. 
37J pp. 

WHITNEY'S GERMAN DICTIONARY. 

A Compendious German Dictionary. (German-English and English-German.) With Notation 

of Correspondences and Brief Etymologies. By William D-. Whitney. 8vo. 900 pp. Half roan. 

BELLOWS' FRENCH AND ENGLISH DICTIONARY. 

French and English Dictionary for the Pocket. By John Bellows. 321110. 600 pp. 

GASC'S FRENCH AND ENGLISH DICTIONARIES. 

A New Dictionary of the French and English Languages. (French-English and English- 
French.) By Ferdinand E. A. Gasc. 8vo. French-English part, 600 pp. ; English- French part, 
586 pp. 

Improved Modern Pocket Dictionary of the French and English Languages. 
(French-English and English-French.) For the Every-day Purposes of Travellers and Students. 
By F. E. A. Gasc. New Edition. i8mo. French-English part, 261 pp.; English-French part, 
387 PP- 

GOODELL'S THE GREEK IN ENGLISH. 

The Greek in English. First Lessons in Greek, with Special Reference to the Etymology of 
English Words of Greek Origin. By Thomas D. Goodell, Professor in Yale University. i6mo. 
128 pp.. 



Full Descriptive Priced Catalogue of these and other Standard works sent free, on application, by the 

Publishers, 

HENRY HOL/T &* Co., New York. 





'» ■> '«' M '■ * 'J ^ M> a *> » ?*-V , '*\ > t' 






■yv*V.: , * S,Vtf|* V* »ViV:j > 






^!^^TO|ttSi™|l 




j\ fcVy^iyi-Aj *\ !.».»'" 


1811 


»- 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 



021 100 906 8 



f 



1 



